Biqulzar also spelled as Baqulzar or Bequl zar was a historical region located in eastern Ethiopia.[1][2][3] According to Taddesse Tamrat, the state was positioned east of the Awash River however historian Hussein Ahmed, proposes it was a general term for districts east of Amhara region in the fourteenth century.[4][5]
Etymology
editBiqulzar originates from the Harari language meaning “verdure along a stream.”[6] According to British historian George Huntingford, sixteenth century Adalite writer Arab Faqīh in his text Conquest of Abyssinia describes Biqulzar as "a river full of water."[7]
History
editAccording to fourteenth century Arab historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari, Biqulzar was one of Ifat's ancient metropolises or regions alongsifedde Kwelgora, Hubat, Gidaya, Hargaya and Fedis.[8][9][10][11][12][13]
In the fourteenth century, Ethiopian emperor Amda Seyon fought the Wargar or Warjih people in Biqulzar.[14][15][16] According to Salvatore Tsdeschi, in 1332 Amda Seyon had summoned his vassal ruler of Ifat, Jamal ad-Din I in Biqulzar however Manfred Kropp believes Amda Seyon met with a distinct ruler of Biqulzar.[17][18]
References
edit- ^ Cerulli, Enrico (1941). "Il Sultanato Dello Scioa Nel Secolo Xiii Secondo Un Nuovo Documento Storico". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 1 (1). Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: 39. JSTOR 41460159.
- ^ Gelgelo, Surafel. HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN (PDF). Ministry of Science and Higher education. p. 49.
- ^ Feto, Jemal. A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ISLAMIZATION OF ARSI OROMO: WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON GADAB AREA, 1935-2000 (PDF). Haramaya University. p. 11.
- ^ Tamrat, Taddesse. Review: The Chronicle of 'Amde-Siyon. Cambridge University Press. p. 513. JSTOR 180118.
- ^ Ahmed, Hussein (October 2021). Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia Revival, Reform and Reaction. Brill. p. 6. ISBN 9789004492288.
- ^ Gidaya. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Huntingford ·, George (1989). The Historical Geography of Ethiopia From the First Century AD to 1704. British Academy. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-726055-5.
- ^ TUFFA, TSEGAYE. THE DYNAMICS OF TULAMA OROMO IN THE HISTORY OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE, CA. 1700-1880S (PDF). University of Toronto. p. 43.
- ^ Braukamper, Ulrich (1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part 1)". Ethiopianist Notes. 1 (1). Michigan State University Press: 23. JSTOR 42731359.
- ^ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. ISBN 9781136970221.
- ^ Fauvelle, François-Xavier (22 November 2017). "The Sultanate of Awfāt, its capital and the necropolis of the Walasmaʿ". Annales Islamologiques (51). Institut français d'archéologie orientale: 239–295. doi:10.4000/anisl.4054.
- ^ Hirsch, Bertrand (2020). "The account of the wars of King ʿAmda Ṣeyon against the Islamic sultanates, epic fiction of the fifteenth century". Médiévales. 79 (2). Presses universitaires de Vincennes: 91–116. doi:10.4000/medievales.11072.
- ^ Kwelgora. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 9781136970221.
- ^ Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and state (PDF). University of London. p. 156.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). Ethiopian borderlands. Red Sea Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780932415196.
- ^ TEDESCHI, SALVATORE (1978). "LE GESTA DI 'AMDA-ṢEYON NELLA CRONOLOGIA E NELLA STORIA". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 27. Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: 144. JSTOR 41299651.
- ^ Jamal Ad-din Mansur. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.