Doğubayazıt (Kurdish: Bazîd;[2] Armenian: Պայազատ, romanized: Payazat or Դարոյնք, [Daruynk] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized variant: latin (help))[3] is a town of Ağrı Province of Turkey, near the border with Iran. Its elevation is 1625 m. It is the seat of Doğubayazıt District.[4] Its population is 80,061 (2021).[1] Also known as Kurdava,[5][6] the town was the capital of the self-declared Republic of Ararat, an independent Kurdish state centered in the Ağrı Province.[7][8][9]
Doğubayazıt | |
|---|---|
 Doğubayazıt from Ishak Pasha Palace | |
  Doğubayazıt Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 39°32′50″N 44°05′00″E / 39.54722°N 44.08333°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Ağrı |
| District | Doğubayazıt |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Yıldız Acar (HDP) |
| Population (2021)[1] | 80,061 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Website | www |
History
edit
For most of the periods described here, Doğubayazıt was a bigger and more important settlement than the present-day provincial capital Ağrı, not least because this is the Iranian border crossing.
The area has had a rich history with monuments dating back to the time of the Kingdom of Urartu (over 2700 years ago). Before the Ottoman Empire the site was referred to by its Armenian name Daruynk.[3] In the 4th century the Sasanians failed to capture the Armenian stronghold and royal treasury at Daroynk. Princes of the Bagratid dynasty of Armenia resided at Daroynk and rebuilt the fortress into its present configuration with multiple baileys and towers carefully integrated into the ascending rock outcrop. When King Gagik I Artsruni reoccupied the fortress ca.922 A.D. it became the seat of a bishop.[10] It was subsequently conquered and reconquered by Persians, Armenians, Byzantines, and Seljuks all of whom would have used the plain to rest and recoup during their passages across the mountains.[3] Turkish peoples arrived in 1064, but were soon followed by the Mongols and further waves of Turks. The castle of Daroynk was repaired many times throughout this history, although it is now named after the Turkish warlord Celayırlı Şehzade Bayazıt Han who ordered one of the rebuildings (in 1374). Ultimately, the town was renamed Beyazit itself in the 16th century.
From the time of the Safavids, the area was ruled by Turkic-speaking generals, later including the Ottoman general İshakpaşa, who built the palace that still bears his name.
The town saw fighting in the Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823) when in 1821 commander-in-chief Abbas Mirza of Qajar Iran occupied the town,[11] as well as when it was attacked by Russia later in 1856, and taken by the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). When the Russians retreated many of the Armenian population left with them to build New Beyazit (now Gavar at Armenia) on the shore of lake Sevan.
Doğubayazıt was further ravaged during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.[citation needed]
Starting in 1920, the area began producing sulphur.[12]
The widely dispersed village of Bayazit, was originally an Armenian settlement and populated by Kurds in 1930 and Yazidis from the Serhat region. But in 1930 the Turkish army destroyed it in response to the Ararat Rebellion. A new town was built in the plain below the old site in the 1930s[13] (hence the new name "Doğubayazıt", which literally means "East Beyazıt").
Doğubayazıt was the capital of the Kurdish Republic of Ararat led by Ibrahim Haski and Ihsan Nuri of the Xoybûn organization between 1927 and 1930.[14] The town was thus dubbed the provisional capital of Kurdistan and was subsequently presented to the League of Nations and the Great Powers as the center of an independent Kurdish state.[15][16][17]
In January 2006, Doğubayazıt was the centre of a H5N1 bird flu outbreak.[18] Several children died from the disease after playing with chicken carcasses.
Politics
edit
In the local elections in March 2019, Yıldız Acar was elected Mayor of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP).[19]
Sports
editThe Doğubayazıtspor football club plays in the lower divisions of the Turkish football league.[20] It played in the Turkish Third League for three seasons.
Geography
edit
Doğubeyazıt district center stays in the south of the Aras Mountains.[21] The town of Doğubayazıt is a settlement with a long history. It lies 15 km southwest of Mount Ararat, 93 km east of the city of Ağrı and 35 km from the Iranian border. The town stands on a plain surrounded by some of Turkey's highest peaks including: Ararat (5,137 m), Little Ararat (3,896 m), Tendürek Dağı (3,533 m), Kaletepe (3,196 m) Arıdağı (2,934 m) and Göllertepe (2,643 m). Kizil Mountain at 2,730 m is two kilometers east of the town.[22]
Climate
editThe climate on the plain is hot and dry in summer, cold and somewhat snowy in the winter; it is classified as a continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), transitioning to a Cold semi-arid climate(Köppen: BSk).[23]
| Climate data for Doğubayazıt (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
25.3 (77.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.7 (85.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
3.0 (37.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.9 (16.0) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.36 (0.72) |
19.58 (0.77) |
27.15 (1.07) |
41.39 (1.63) |
53.71 (2.11) |
39.37 (1.55) |
23.63 (0.93) |
14.51 (0.57) |
18.51 (0.73) |
36.31 (1.43) |
26.3 (1.04) |
21.1 (0.83) |
339.92 (13.38) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.9 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 66.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71.2 | 69.4 | 62.9 | 59.3 | 58.3 | 51.8 | 47.9 | 45.7 | 49.2 | 61.2 | 67.4 | 71.7 | 59.6 |
| Source: NOAA[24] | |||||||||||||
Places of interest
edit- Mount Ararat - 15 km from Doğubayazıt, and the best views of the mountain are from here.
- Ishak Pasha Palace, completed in 1784 on a hill to the south of town.
- The castle and mosque of Old Beyazit, first built by the Urartu but which bear traces of many civilisations.
- The geological formation of "Durupınar site" is 16 km southeast of town and promoted by some believers as the petrified ruins of Noah's Ark.
- Lake Balık - a lake in a lava bed, 60 km from Doğubayazıt, near Taşlıçay.
- The Ice Cave - on the side of Little Ararat near the village of Hallaç.
- The ruins of the 900BC Urartu temple and palace on the hill of Giriktepe.
- The ancient Armenian cemetery.[3]
Notable people
edit- Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish philosopher and polymath from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire.
- Ibrahim Heski, Kurdish Politician
- Ahmet Arvasi, writer and philosopher
- Kaya Özcan, Wrestler
- Ümit Şamiloğlu, artistic gymnast and part of the national team
- Yıldız Tilbe, Turkish singer of Kurdish descent and one of the best-selling musical artists in Turkey
International relations
editDoğubayazıt is twinned with:
Eilat, Israel
Podgorica, Montenegro
Montevideo, Uruguay
Kitwe, Zambia- Lusaka, Zambia
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
Gothenburg, Sweden- Karlstad, Sweden
Timbuktu, Mali
Bergen, Norway
Turku, Finland
Saarbrücken, Germany
N'Djamena, Chad
Esbjerg, Denmark
References
edit- ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d Edwards, Robert W. (1988). “Bayazit,” Encyclopaedia Iranica III.8, 1988, pp.886-887 Bayazit Archived July 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish national movement : its origins and development (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3093-X. OCLC 63117024.
- ^ Yilmaz, Özcan (2013), "Chapitre III. Le renouveau du mouvement national kurde", La formation de la nation kurde en Turquie, Graduate Institute Publications, pp. 81–99, doi:10.4000/books.iheid.2311, ISBN 978-2-940503-17-9
- ^ Christopher Houston, Kurdistan: crafting of national selves, Indiana University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-253-22050-5, p. 52.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, 1. cilt, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6, p. 385.
- ^ Abbas Vali, Essays on the origins of Kurdish nationalism, Mazda Publishers, 2003, ISBN 978-1-56859-142-1, p. 199.
- ^ Edwards, Robert W. (1984). “The Fortress at Doğubeyazıt (Daroynk‛),” Revue des Études Arméniennes 18, 1984, pp.435-459.
- ^ Aksen, Virginia. (2014). Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged page 463. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317884033
- ^ Prothero, W. G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 73.
- ^ "Ishak Pasha Palace | Turkish Archaeological News". turkisharchaeonews.net. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
- ^ Allsopp, Harriet (2014). The Kurds of Syria: Political Parties and Identity in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 55. ISBN 9781780765631.
- ^ "Ihsan Nuri Paşa" (in Kurdish). 25 March 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "کۆماری ئارارات، ئاوڕدانەوەیەک لە مێژوو". chawykurd.com (in Kurdish). Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "Xwendin û danasîna pirtûkan". dengekurdistan.nu (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ Turkey Bird Flu Region Still Wary - BBC article about Doğubeyazıt outbreak
- ^ Şafak, Yeni (2019-12-11). "Ağrı Doğubayazıt Seçim Sonuçları – Doğubayazıt Yerel Seçim Sonuçları". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-11-12.
- ^ "04 Doğubayazıtspor | Kulüp bilgileri | AmatorFutbol.Org". www.amatorfutbol.org. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
- ^ "Karasu-Aras Dağları'nın güney yamaçlarında Doğubeyazıt bölgesi erken demir çağı yerleşmeleri" (in Turkish). Barış Gür- Amisos. February 26, 2022. p. 1.
- ^ Dogubayazidi Sheet C17 (Map). 1:200,000. Series K511 (4193). Great Britain War Office. 1941.
- ^ "Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria". Nature: Scientific Data.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Doğubayazıt". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
External links
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Dogubeyazit travel guide from Wikivoyage- Extensive photographic survey, description and plan of Doğubeyazit Castle
