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Arctic Bay (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ, Ikpiarjuk "the pocket") [ikpiaʁjuk] is an Inuit hamlet located in the northern part of the Borden Peninsula on Baffin Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. Arctic Bay is located in the Eastern Time Zone although it is quite close to the time zone boundary. The predominant languages are Inuktitut and English. Arctic Bay is notable for being the birthplace of the former Premier of Nunavut and, as of 2021, the Commissioner of Nunavut, Eva Aariak. It is the northernmost public community in Canada not formed from forced relocation.
Arctic Bay
| |
|---|---|
Hamlet | |
| Hamlet of Arctic Bay | |
 Hamlet of Arctic Bay | |
.png) Logo | |
  Arctic Bay  Arctic Bay | |
| Coordinates: 73°02′N 085°10′W / 73.033°N 85.167°W[1] | |
| Country | Canada |
| Territory | Nunavut |
| Region | Qikiqtaaluk |
| Electoral district | Quttiktuq |
| Government | |
| • Type | Hamlet |
| • Mayor | Moses Oyukuluk |
| • Senior Administrative Officer | Joeli Qamanirq |
| • MLA | David Akeeagok |
| Area (2021)[4] | |
• Total | 245.16 km2 (94.66 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 31 m (102 ft) |
| Population (2021)[4] | |
• Total | 994 |
| • Density | 4.1/km2 (11/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) |
| Postal code | |
| Area code | 867 |
History
edit
The Arctic Bay area has been occupied for nearly 5000 years by Inuit migrating from the west. In 1872, a European whaling ship, the Arctic, captained by Willie Adams, passed through and gave the area its English name. It has the lowest tidal range in Canada.[citation needed]
The Inuktitut name for Arctic Bay is Ikpiarjuk which means "the pocket" in English. This name describes the high hills that surround the almost landlocked bay. To the southeast, the flat-topped King George V Mountain dominates the landscape of the hamlet. The community is served by annual supply sealift, and by Arctic Bay Airport. There is also a road connecting it to Nanisivik, a former mining community just inland that is now closed. Residents had hoped to boost their housing and public facilities with buildings relocated from Nanisivik, but those hopes were dashed due to lead-zinc contamination. However, a church was relocated from Nanisivik to Arctic Bay in April 2007.
Nanisivik was officially closed in 2006. Currently all that remains are two small houses, the rest of the community was demolished and stored underground.[citation needed]
On 10 August 2007, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced the creation of Nanisivik Naval Facility, to reinforce Canadian presence in the Arctic. The original plans have been downgraded after geotechnical problems increased the cost; it will now operate for four months a year as a refuelling station, primarily for the Harry DeWolf-class Arctic patrol ships. Construction began in August 2014 and the facility is planned to be fully operational by summer 2020.
In October 2020, clothing manufacturer Canada Goose and Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds announced the donation of over 300 repurposed parkas and boots to K-12 students at Inuujaq School. The donation came after a tweet from activist Koonoo Han, who had grown up in the community, drawing attention to the needs of the community.[6]
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 391 | — |
| 1981 | 375 | −4.1% |
| 1986 | 477 | +27.2% |
| 1991 | 543 | +13.8% |
| 1996 | 639 | +17.7% |
| 2001 | 646 | +1.1% |
| 2006 | 690 | +6.8% |
| 2011 | 823 | +19.3% |
| 2016 | 868 | +5.5% |
| 2021 | 994 | +14.5% |
| Source: Statistics Canada [4][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] | ||
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Arctic Bay had a population of 994 living in 218 of its 239 total private dwellings, a change of 14.5% from its 2016 population of 868. With a land area of 245.16 km2 (94.66 sq mi), it had a population density of 4.1/km2 (10.5/sq mi) in 2021.[4]
Recreation
edit
Arctic Bay is host to multiple recreational events and institutions.
The Royal Canadian Army Cadets meet three times a week. This is a program under the purview of the Department of National Defence. Youth aged 12 and up are welcome to join and take part in a variety of activities. The cadets regularly practice marksmanship and do a variety of outdoor activities including hiking, camping, orienteering and the biathlon.
For adults, there are several sports teams and activities that meet regularly at the gym attached to the school. Basketball, soccer, volleyball and hockey are the most popular activities. There is a hockey rink that is open to the public during the winter months. There is also a community art class hosted every Thursday evening.
The Youth Council is actively involved in recreation. They run an assortment of events and activities for the community. Most recently, they have opened up a CAP (community access point) site at a local church hall for community internet use. Aside from almost daily internet access, this hall is also used weekly for the community Elders to gather and socialize. Various other activities and classes take place here.
The local Community Hall, also known as the Sea Hall, is host to a variety of recreational activities.
Outdoor activities remain quite common. While some residents maintain the traditional skills of their ancestors, most now hunt with guns. Tents are still hand made and used frequently during the summer months. Ice fishing is a common activity during the winter months. Seal and narwhal hunting are quite common to supplement food and clothing.
Common Canadian events also take place in Arctic Bay, such as the Terry Fox Run, which is particularly popular.
The area is popular for sport hunters coming to hunt polar bears although this may change with the listing of the polar bear as a threatened species. The current mayor is Andrew Taqtu who is well known for his preservation of traditional hunting skills as shown on a BBC film A Boy Among Polar Bears.
Midnight Sun Marathon
editArctic Bay was home to the Midnight Sun Marathon, one of the northernmost contests held in the world.[16][17][18]
Transportation
edit
Scheduled flights to and from Arctic Bay arrive at Arctic Bay Airport. This airport was certified in 2011 after completing major construction of the runway and a new terminal building. Currently, regular flights to the Arctic Bay are available through Canadian North from Iqaluit and Resolute.
Prior to the existence of this airport, Twin Otter aircraft would use the main street leading into the town as a landing strip or used the Nanisivik Airport.
Education
editThe community is served by a single K–12 school, Inuujaq School, that has an enrolment of around 200 students. There is also a Nunavut Arctic College host site where the Nunavut Teacher Education Program (NTEP) is being taught. In 2009 many of the NTEP graduates, who are locals, will become teachers in levels from kindergarten to grade 7. As the only outsiders in the community are government workers, the student population is almost entirely Inuit and the first language spoken is Inuktitut.
Like most high schools in Nunavut, Inuujaq uses the Alberta educational curriculum. However, one challenge faced by educators in this community is that most students read at a lower level than their Alberta counterparts. As with most schools in Nunavut, the school is under the partial authority of the locally elected District Education Authority (DEA) who design policy as well as make decisions regarding discipline, spending, and cultural activities.
Broadband communications
editThe community has been served by the Qiniq network since 2005. Qiniq is a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses, connecting to the outside world via a satellite backbone. The Qiniq network is designed and operated by SSI Micro. In 2017, the network was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice.
Climate
editArctic Bay experiences a tundra climate (Köppen: ET) like most northern Canadian territories at low elevations,[19] with long, very cold winters and short, cool to cold summers. July is the only month with an average low temperature above freezing. Its climate does not differ from the more severe subarctic climates except for the practically non-existent summer (even Svalbard, an island to the north, has much warmer summers). Even in summer, the average temperature at dawn can be below freezing. The amount of precipitation is of a desert climate, below 250 mm (9.8 in), and the days of snow is comparable to a coastal city of a lake or sea in the middle latitudes, but low for the location. Most precipitation is between summer and early fall.[20] With the thawing process of permafrost, some communities such as Arctic Bay may be affected by flooding due to the melting of sea ice and erosion due to the mechanical process of temperature changes and their own variation.[21]
| Climate data for Nanisivik (Nanisivik Airport) Climate ID: 2402730; coordinates 72°59′N 84°37′W / 72.983°N 84.617°W; elevation: 641.9 m (2,106 ft); 1981–2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | −3.0 | 1.2 | −2.2 | −1.2 | 6.5 | 14.5 | 18.4 | 16.7 | 9.0 | 1.2 | −6.3 | −1.3 | 18.4 |
| Record high °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
7.0 (44.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −26.8 (−16.2) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
−24.7 (−12.5) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −29.6 (−21.3) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−22.5 (−8.5) |
−26.3 (−15.3) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −32.4 (−26.3) |
−32.3 (−26.1) |
−30.1 (−22.2) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−24.9 (−12.8) |
−28.7 (−19.7) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −48.5 (−55.3) |
−53.0 (−63.4) |
−47.5 (−53.5) |
−42.0 (−43.6) |
−28.3 (−18.9) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−39.4 (−38.9) |
−45.5 (−49.9) |
−53.0 (−63.4) |
| Record low wind chill | −62.9 | −72.3 | −67.0 | −54.8 | −39.4 | −24.9 | −12.8 | −21.0 | −30.3 | −50.0 | −53.5 | −60.6 | −72.3 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.4 (0.21) |
5.1 (0.20) |
8.4 (0.33) |
10.9 (0.43) |
24.0 (0.94) |
25.2 (0.99) |
45.7 (1.80) |
45.0 (1.77) |
38.4 (1.51) |
37.4 (1.47) |
18.1 (0.71) |
7.3 (0.29) |
270.9 (10.67) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
6.7 (0.26) |
37.0 (1.46) |
29.2 (1.15) |
4.4 (0.17) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
77.3 (3.04) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 5.4 (2.1) |
5.2 (2.0) |
8.4 (3.3) |
11.2 (4.4) |
24.0 (9.4) |
17.7 (7.0) |
8.5 (3.3) |
15.0 (5.9) |
32.3 (12.7) |
38.2 (15.0) |
17.9 (7.0) |
7.5 (3.0) |
191.3 (75.3) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.4 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 9.6 | 8.8 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 106.5 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 22.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 4.4 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 9.6 | 7.1 | 3.0 | 5.4 | 12.1 | 14.3 | 8.5 | 6.4 | 87.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64.1 | 65.0 | 66.6 | 71.2 | 81.3 | 80.7 | 75.6 | 84.9 | 88.6 | 89.7 | 72.9 | 68.7 | 75.8 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010[20] | |||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Arctic Bay". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Municipal Election Results 2019-2020" (PDF). Elections Nunavut. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "2021 General Election" (PDF). Elections Nunavut. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nunavut". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ Elevation at airport. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
- ^ Morritt-Jacobs, Charlotte (9 October 2020). "A Tweet, a parka company and a response from Ryan Reynolds". APTN National News. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ "1976 Census of Canada: Population - Geographic Distributions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. June 1977. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "1981 Census of Canada: Census subdivisions in decreasing population order" (PDF). Statistics Canada. May 1992. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "1986 Census: Population - Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. September 1987. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "91 Census: Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions - Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1992. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "96 Census: A National Overview - Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1997. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Jackenthal, Stefani (26 June 2005), "For Ultraracers, It's 'No Pain, No Vacation'", The New York Times, retrieved 11 March 2009
- ^ "Nunavut town to stage midnight sun marathon", The Globe & Mail, 18 June 2003, retrieved 11 March 2009
- ^ "Nunavut Midnight Sun Marathon - Race Details".
- ^ "Arctic Bay, Nunavut Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Nanisivik A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2 March 2022. Climate ID: 2402730. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
- ^ Zerehi, Sima Sahar (18 April 2016). "New report outlines climate change challenges on Canada's Arctic coast". CBC. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
Further reading
edit- Hoppner, K., J. M. McLaughlan, B. G. Shah, J. N. Thompson, Joyce Beare-Rogers, J. Ellestad-Sayed, and O. Schaefer. Nutrient Levels of Some Foods of Eskimos from Arctic Bay, N.W.T., Canada. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol.73,No.3, September. 1978.
- Innuksuk, Rhoda, and Susan Cowan. We Don't Live in Snow Houses Now Reflections of Arctic Bay. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Arctic Producers, 1976. ISBN 0-920234-00-3
- Oakes, Jill E. Factors Influencing Kamik Production in Arctic Bay, Northwest Territories. Mercury series. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: National Museum of Canada, 1987. ISBN 0-660-10763-5
- Tester, Frank J. Hunting and Trapping Shelters for the Inuit People [sic] of Arctic Bay, Northwest Territories A Proposal. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Environmental Sciences Centre (Kananaskis), University of Calgary, 1974.
- Vipond JC. 2003. "Experience at the Arctic Bay Nursing Station on the Coast of Baffin Island". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 169, no. 12: 1305–7.
External links
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