The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is a large yellow, red and blue Neotropical parrot native to humid evergreen forests of the Americas. Its range extends from southeastern Mexico to Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Honduras, and Brazil in lowlands of 500 m (1,600 ft) (at least formerly) up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft), the Caribbean island of Trinidad, as well as the Pacific island of Coiba.[1] Formerly, the northern extent of its range included southern Tamaulipas. In some areas, it has suffered local extinction because of habitat destruction, or capture for the parrot trade, but in other areas, it remains fairly common. It is the national bird of Honduras. Like its relative the blue-and-yellow macaw, the scarlet macaw is a popular bird in aviculture as a result of its striking plumage. It is the third most common macaw species in captivity after the Blue and Gold and Greenwing Macaw respectively. In recent years it has become much rarer in captivity and much more expensive due to its placement on CITES Appendix I.
| Scarlet macaw | |
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_Copan.jpg)
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| A. m. cyanopterus Copan, Honduras | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittacidae |
| Genus: | Ara |
| Species: | A. macao
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| Binomial name | |
| Ara macao | |
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Extant distribution of the scarlet macaw
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| Synonyms | |
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Psittacus macao Linnaeus, 1758 | |
_head_Copan.jpg)
Taxonomy
editThe scarlet macaw was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Psittacus macao.[3] The scarlet macaw is now placed in the genus Ara (Lacépède, 1799), one of 6 genera of Central and South American macaws.[4]
The two subspecies can be recognized by size and color detail in the feathers on the wings:[4]
- Ara macao macao (Linnaeus, 1758): South American scarlet macaw, the nominate subspecies. In the wings the medium and secondary coverts have green tips.
- A. m. cyanopterus Wiedenfeld, 1995: North Central American scarlet macaw. The Central American scarlet macaw is larger and has blue on its wings instead of green.
Genetics
editIn May 2013, it was announced that a team of scientists, led by Dr. Christopher M. Seabury and Dr. Ian Tizard of Texas A&M University had sequenced the complete genome of the scarlet macaw.[5][6] Based on this genome, species-specific microsatellite genetic markers were developed to aid genetic studies throughout the range of the species.[7] These genetic markers were later validated[8] on the trace amount of DNA acquired from feathers, and applied to study red-and-green macaws in a tropical landscape where DNA can degrade very quickly.[9] These markers were proven to be useful to study their population genetics[8] and identification of individuals in the landscape of the Peruvian Amazon.[10]
Description
editIt is about 84 centimeters (33 in) long, of which more than half is the pointed, graduated tail typical of all macaws, though the scarlet macaw has a larger percentage of tail than the other large macaws. The average weight is about 1 kilogram (2 lb 3 oz). The plumage is mostly scarlet, but the rump and tail-covert feathers are light blue, the greater upper wing coverts are yellow, the upper sides of the flight feathers of the wings are dark blue as are the ends of the tail feathers, and the undersides of the wing and tail flight feathers are dark red with metallic gold iridescence. Some individuals may have green in the wings. The central american subspecies is larger and averages 89 cm or (35 in) in length.
There is bare white skin around the eye and from there to the bill. Tiny white feathers are contained on the face patch. The upper mandible is mostly pale horn in color and the lower is black. Juveniles have dark eyes; adults have light yellow eyes.
It is frequently confused with the slightly larger green-winged macaw, which has more distinct red lines in the face and no yellow in the wing.
Scarlet macaws make very loud, high and sometimes low-pitched, throaty squawks, squeaks and screams designed to carry many kilometers to call for their groups.
The scarlet macaw can live up to 75[11] or even 90[12] years in captivity, although a more typical lifespan is 40 to 50 years.[12][11]
Behavior
editA typical sighting is of a single bird or a pair flying above the forest canopy, though in some areas flocks can be seen. They often gather at clay licks.[13][14] Scarlet macaws communicate primarily through raucous honks; however, vocal communication is highly variable, and captive macaws are known to be adept mimics of human speech.
Feeding
editWild scarlet macaws feed on fruits, nuts, seeds, flowers and nectar.[15]
They also love to eat insects and larvae. They are seen feeding heavily on bugs, snails and foliage. Snails and bugs are great source of protein, as they need additional protein during breeding seasons.
In Costa Rica's Central Pacific they have learned to feed on introduced Teak trees (Tectona grandis) and Almond Beach Trees. Local non-profit organizations have planted hundreds of those trees along the coastline from the Tárcoles River basin to Esterillos Beach which had helped increase the population drastically. The combined efforts and the correct ecotourism also have an important role in the conservation of such majestic birds. Tour companies along the Tarcoles River and its mangroves have bet on the importance of birdwatching as an asset for the growth on its population.
Breeding
edit
While comparatively docile at most times of the year, scarlet macaws may be formidably aggressive during periods of breeding. Scarlet macaws are monogamous birds, with individuals remaining with one partner throughout their lives. The hen lays two or three white eggs in a large tree cavity.[16] The female incubates the eggs for about five weeks, and the chicks fledge from the nest about 90 days after hatching[17] and leave their parents about a year later. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at five years of age.
Distribution and habitat
editThe scarlet macaw inhabits primarily humid, lowland subtropical rain forests, open woodlands, river edges, and savannas. In some regions, they are known to periodically visit natural mineral deposits (or 'licks'), typically in areas rich in clay and sediment, which the macaws will eat for digestive purposes and to glean vital nutrients, including sodium and calcium.[18] The species' South American range is extensive, spanning much of the Amazon basin and rainforest of the northern half of the continent, extending as far south as Peru (east of the Andes) and Bolivia.[1] In Bolivia, it is quite common in the Aquicuana Reserve, in the northeastern Beni Department (near the city of Riberalta, the capital of the Bolivian Amazon region).
In (southern) North and Central America, the species' range extends from the Yucatán Peninsula (extreme southeastern Mexico and Belize) and southward through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, as well as the island of Coiba. It is seen infrequently on the mainland of Panamá, but is known in Costa Rica from isolated regions on the Pacific coast, mainly near the Nicoya Peninsula, Carara National Park and Peninsula de Osa.
In Florida, United States, scarlet macaws have escaped captivity at various times throughout history, either inadvertently due to hurricanes or other inclement weather events, or being deliberately released by humans; however, there is no evidence to suggest that this population is established and breeding, and may only persist due to continuing releases or escapes. These non-native birds are likely sustained off of deliberate feeding by residents who enjoy seeing them in their yards.[19][20] An introduced population also exists in Puerto Rico.
Conservation status
editThe habitat of scarlet macaws is also considered to have the greatest latitudinal range for any bird in the genus Ara, as the estimated maximum territorial range covers 6,700,000 km2. Nevertheless, the scarlet macaw's habitat is fragmented, and the bird is mostly confined to tiny populations scattered throughout its original range in Middle America.[21] However, as they still occur in large numbers over most of their original range in South America, the species is classified by IUCN as least concern. Its wild population is currently estimated to be between 50,000 and 499,999 individuals.[1]
Commercial international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is prohibited by the bird's listing under CITES Appendix 1 due to poaching for the pet trade.[22]
The northern subspecies, A. m. cyanopterus, is listed as endangered by the USFWS.[23] The USFWS estimates that only 2,000–3,000 birds of the northern subspecies remain in the wild.[24]
Aviculture
editThe scarlet macaw is an early example of a parrot breeding in captivity. Captive breeding occurred in Northern Mexico at Paquime (also called Casas Grandes) and very likely Southwest New Mexico Mimbres Valley in the 11th century. Breeding pens, perches, bones, and eggshell fragments have been uncovered. The straightforward nature of scarlet macaw breeding and the value of their plumes in trade created a market for trade wherein the animals were used in religious rites north to the Colorado Plateau region.[25]
Today the scarlet macaw is found worldwide in captivity, but is best represented in captivity in the Americas. Captive techniques developed from the pet trade have positively affected wild populations: in areas with low macaws populations, the "extra" babies that typically die in the nest may be reared by human hands and released into the wild to bolster the population, as has been done by the Tambopata Macaw Project. Their captive diet, egg incubation, assisted hatching, hand rearing, co-parenting, parent-rearing, fledgling, maturation, and breeding are well understood within the avicultural community (AFA Watchbird magazine).
See also
edit- The Ara Project (macaw reintroduction)
- The Macaw Society
- List of macaws
- Iago (Aladdin)
References
edit- ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2022). "Ara macao". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22685563A163778999. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 96.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ^ Seabury, Christopher M.; Dowd, Scot E.; Seabury, Paul M.; Raudsepp, Terje; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Liboriussen, Poul; Halley, Yvette; Fisher, Colleen A.; Owens, Elaine; Viswanathan, Ganesh; Tizard, Ian R. (8 May 2013). "A Multi-Platform Draft de novo Genome Assembly and Comparative Analysis for the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e62415. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862415S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062415. PMC 3648530. PMID 23667475.
- ^ "Save the Parrots: Texas A&M Team Sequences Macaw Genome". Newswise.com. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
- ^ Olah, George; Heinsohn, Robert G.; Espinoza, Jose R.; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Peakall, Rod (2015). "An evaluation of primers for microsatellite markers in Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) and their performance in a Peruvian wild population". Conservation Genetics Resources. 7 (1): 157–159. Bibcode:2015ConGR...7..157O. doi:10.1007/s12686-014-0317-2. S2CID 255779630.
- ^ a b Olah, George; Heinsohn, Robert G.; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Espinoza, Jose R.; Peakall, Rod (2016). "Validation of non-invasive genetic tagging in two large macaw species (Ara macao and A. chloropterus) of the Peruvian Amazon". Conservation Genetics Resources. 8 (4): 499–509. Bibcode:2016ConGR...8..499O. doi:10.1007/s12686-016-0573-4. S2CID 255785768.
- ^ Olah, George; Heinsohn, Robert G.; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Peakall, Rod (2017). "The application of non-invasive genetic tagging reveals new insights into the clay lick use by macaws in the Peruvian Amazon". Conservation Genetics. 18 (5): 1037–1046. Bibcode:2017ConG...18.1037O. doi:10.1007/s10592-017-0954-6. S2CID 254418245.
- ^ Olah, George; Smith, Annabel L.; Asner, Gregory P.; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Heinsohn, Robert G.; Peakall, Rod (2017). "Exploring dispersal barriers using landscape genetic resistance modelling in scarlet macaws of the Peruvian Amazon". Landscape Ecology. 32 (2): 445–456. Bibcode:2017LaEco..32..445O. doi:10.1007/s10980-016-0457-8. S2CID 254747306.
- ^ a b Scarlet Macaw Archived 2019-02-25 at the Wayback Machine at the biology website of the Lamar University (retrieved 2019-02-24)
- ^ a b Robert Arking: Biology of Aging: Observations and Principles. Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 9780199727629, p. 129
- ^ Photo of Scarlet Macaws and several other parrots at clay-lick in Tambopata-Candamo – The Wonders of Peru with Boyd Norton.
- ^ Burger, Joanna; Gochfeld, Michael (2003). "Parrot behavior at a Rio Manu (Peru) clay lick: temporal patterns, associations, and antipredator responses". Acta Ethologica. 6 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1007/s10211-003-0080-y. S2CID 24056335.
- ^ "SCARLET MACAW (Ara macao)". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ Olah, George; Vigo, Gabriela; Heinsohn, Robert; Brightsmith, Donald J. (2014). "Nest site selection and efficacy of artificial nests for breeding success of Scarlet Macaws Ara macao macao in lowland Peru". Journal for Nature Conservation. 22 (2): 176–185. Bibcode:2014JNatC..22..176O. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2013.11.003.
- ^ Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 234. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.
- ^ "Scarlet Macaws Feed on Clay Licks (Narrated by David Tennant) - Earthflight - BBC One". YouTube. 19 January 2012.
- ^ "Parrots in Peril: Miami's Wild Macaws". YouTube. Day's Edge Productions. 28 May 2018.
- ^ "Nonnatives - Scarlet Macaw". myfwc.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
- ^ Juniper, T., and M. Parr., (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press.
- ^ "Ara macao". Species+. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
- ^ "Species Profile: Scarlet macaw (Ara macao ssp. cyanopterus)". ECOS. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Fish and Wildlife Service (26 February 2019). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing the Scarlet Macaw" (PDF). Federal Register. 84 (38): 6278–6311. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Rizo (1998). Scarlet Macaw Production and Trade at Paquimé, Chihuahua (Master's thesis).
External links
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- World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia — Species Profiles
- The Scarlet Macaw Genome Project
- Scarlet macaw videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Stamps[usurped] (15 countries) with RangeMap
- Ara macao conservation and reintroduction in Costa Rica