Aql bi al-Quwwah (Arabic: عقل بالقوة) is the first stage of the intellect's hierarchy in Islamic philosophy. This kind of reason is also called the potential or material intellect.[1] In philosophy thus kind of intellect also called as passive intellect.
Historical background
editAristotle, in his "On the Soul" believes that human intellect at first is just a receptive faculty. This receptive capacity becomes actual by receiving the forms of things.[2] It seems that Farabi for the first time in his Treatise on Reason (Risala fi'l-Aql) renders the hierarchy of intellect following his theory of intellection. There Farabi tried to distinguish six meanings of Aql. The fifth intellect among them is very important. Farabi took notice to elaborate this kind of Aql in detail. Fifth reason itself divided to four stages, where potential Aql is the first stage. Other stages include actual intellect, acquired intellect and finally active intellect.[3]
Concept
editAql bi al-Quwwah is designating reason as that which could abstract the forms of entities with which it is finally identified.[4] For Farabi, the potential intellect could become actual by receiving the form from matter. In other words, Aql al-Hayulani tried to separate the forms of existence from their matters in such a way that there is no material characteristics along with forms such as material circumstances. The forms receive by potential Aql unite with it, in other words they become identical.[5] Farabi also claim the potential intellect as part of the soul.
Function in cognition
editAccording to Avicenna's understanding of intellectual abstraction, the potential Aql functions as possible intellect. This stage begins with absolute potency.[6] Avicenna, following Farabi, claimed that the intellect of human beings becomes perfect due to a transcendent link with eternal intellection.[7] Avicenna believes that the legislator who has potential intellect receives the intelligible forms from agent intellect in political philosophy.[8] Averroes also believed that the potential intellect essentially belong to the immaterial sphere like active intellect. He also maintained the potential Aql belong to material faculties only accidentally.[9] Averroes also took a step further since he believed that all human beings have only one potential intellect.[10] The content of intellectual understanding can be found in the perceptual experience such that the truth of intelligible is casually grounded in all things through imagined forms.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ (Groff 2007, p. 170)
- ^ (Routledge History of Philosophy 1998, p. 479)
- ^ (Craig 1998, p. 556)
- ^ (Craig 1998, p. 556)
- ^ (Chase 2008, p. 28)
- ^ (Lizzini 2016, p. 294)
- ^ (D'Ancona 2008, p. 57)
- ^ (Routledge History of Philosophy 1998, p. 38, Jean Jolivet)
- ^ (Routledge History of Philosophy 1998, p. 54, Alfred Ivry)
- ^ (Routledge History of Philosophy 1998, p. 231, John Marebon)
- ^ Endress, Gerhard (2004). Words, Texts, and Concepts Cruising the Mediterranean Sea: Studies on the Sources, Contents and Influences of Islamic Civilization and Arabic Philosophy and Science: Dedicated to Gerhard Endress on His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042914896.
Sources
edit- Chase, Michael (2008). "Thomas Aquinas and alFäräbï". In Newton, Lloyd A. (ed.). Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle's Categories. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-16752-0.
- Craig, Edward (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415169172. GGKEY:63C446DRRDG.
- D'Ancona, Cristina (27 March 2008). "Degrees of Abstraction in Avicenna". In Knuuttila, Simo; Kärkkäinen, Pekka (eds.). Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-6125-7.
- Groff, Peter (11 May 2007). Islamic Philosophy A-Z. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2927-5.
- Lizzini, Olga (2016). "Human Knowledge and Separate Intellect". In Richard C. Taylor; Luis Xavier; López Farjeat (eds.). The Routledge companion to Islamic philosophy. London. ISBN 9780415881609.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Routledge History of Philosophy Volume III. London: Routledge. 1998. ISBN 9780415053778.