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Apostolic Nunciature to Bavaria

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The Apostolic Nunciature to Bavaria was an ecclesiastical office of the Roman Catholic Church in Bavaria. It was a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative was called the Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria, a state – consecutively during the nunciature's existence – of the Holy Roman Empire, of its own sovereignty, and then of Imperial, Weimar and finally Nazi Germany. The office of the nunciature was located in Munich from 1785 to 1936. Prior to this, there was one nunciature in the Holy Roman Empire, which was the nunciature in Cologne, accredited to the Archbishop-Electorates of Cologne, Mainz and Trier.

History

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A new nunciature was established by Pope Pius VI in Munich in 1785, requested by Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.[1] The appointment of Giulio Cesare Zoglio as nuncio angered the archbishop-electors of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier, who considered the Nuncio to Cologne to be competent for all the Empire.[1] Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor sided with the electors, and declared he would recognise nuncios in their "political character" only.[1] Thus, there were two nuncios: one in Cologne, and one in Munich, the division of whose jurisdictions was a matter of contention.[1]

With the Archbishop-Electorates of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier occupied by France and dissolved in 1795 and 1803, respectively, the last nuncio to Cologne, Annibale della Genga, had to reside in Augsburg, which was annexed to Bavaria in 1803. With the dissolution of the Empire in 1806 Bavaria gained full sovereignty, and the tradition of the nuncio to Cologne was continued by the nuncio to Austria in Vienna, competent for the Empire of Austria only.[1]

In the years 1800–1818 the nunciature was suppressed due to Napoléon's pressure on the Vatican. However, after the Bavarian Concordat (1817) the ties were revitalised in 1818. Thus Austria and the Kingdom of Bavaria maintained their separate relations to the Pope, also after both had joined the German Confederation in 1815, which was no state, but a mere confederacy. Whereas the prevailingly Lutheran or Calvinist German states within the confederacy, disestablished in 1866, had no diplomatic ties with the Holy See.[1] None of the states of the North German Confederation, a confederacy without Austria and Southern Germany, had ties to the Vatican. When most German states, but not Austria, merged with the North German Confederation in order to form the federal united German Empire in 1871, Bavaria was the only member state with a nunciature.

 
Eugenio Pacelli (future Pope Pius XII), the penultimate nuncio to Bavaria.

When the Bavarian monarchy became the Free State of Bavaria after the abdication of the king, like all German monarchies and the Empire became republics, the diplomatic ties continued as German states are generally allowed to have foreign relationships. In 1920 Germany concluded formal diplomatic ties with the Vatican, so that Eugenio Pacelli, Nuncio to Bavaria, was appointed the first nuncio to Germany in personal union. However, the nunciature to Germany remained seated in Munich, since Berlin, simultaneously the capital of Germany and Prussia, was located in the latter, not holding official ties with the Holy See. Pacelli concluded the new Bavarian Concordat (1924) with the Free State.

In 1925 the Free State of Prussia, the biggest German state, concluded diplomatic relations with the Vatican, so that Pacelli resigned as Nuncio to Bavaria in order to become the first nuncio to Prussia in personal union with nuncio to Germany, opening a nunciature in Berlin. He then negotiated the Prussian Concordat (1930), before he was appointed Cardinal Secretary of State negotiating the Reichskonkordat, finally concluded with Nazi Germany in 1933.

When the streamlining Nazi Gleichschaltung did formally away with statehood of the German states and established a centralised dictatorship in 1934, Bavaria was not to hold diplomatic ties of its own any more. While Pacelli managed to continue the nunciature to Bavaria as a kind of outpost of the nunciature to Germany, the Nazi government prompted the expulsion of the last nuncio to Bavaria in 1936.

Nuncios to Bavaria

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Nuncio" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading

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  • Michael F. Feldkamp, "Die Aufhebung der Apostolischen Nuntiatur in München 1934. Mit einem Anhang der Amtsdaten der Nuntien, Internuntien und Geschäftsträger 1786-1934", in: Im Gedächtnis der Kirche neu erwachen. Studien zur Geschichte des Christentums in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Festgabe für Gabriel Adriányi, Reimund Haas, Karl Josef Rivinius, Hermann-Josef Scheidgen (eds.), (=Bonner Beiträge zur Kirchengeschichte; vol. 22), Cologne, Vienna and Weimar: Böhlau, 2000, pp. 185–234.
  • Egon Johannes Greipl, "Das Archiv der Münchener Nuntiatur in der Zeit von 1904 bis 1934", in: Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, No. 66 (1986), pp. 402–406.
  • Egon Johannes Greipl, "Die Bestände des Archivs der Münchener Nuntiatur in der Zeit von 1877 bis 1904", in: Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte, No. 78 (1983), pp. 192–269.
  • Rupert Hacker, Die Beziehungen zwischen Bayern und dem Hl. Stuhl in der Regierungszeit Ludwigs I. (1825-1848), Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1967, (=Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom; vol. 27). ISBN 3-484-80026-7.
  • Bernhard Zittel, "Die Vertretung des Heiligen Stuhles in München 1785-1934", in: Der Mönch im Wappen. Aus Geschichte und Gegenwart des katholischen München, Munich: Schnell & Steiner, 1960, pp. 419–494.
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