In Greek mythology, Antenor (Ancient Greek: Ἀντήνωρ Antḗnōr) was a counselor to King Priam of Troy during the events of the Trojan War.
| Antenor | |
|---|---|
Trojan Elder | |
| Member of the Trojan Royal Family | |
| Abode | Troy |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | (1) Aesyetes and Cleomestra (2) Hicetaon |
| Siblings | (1) Assaracus and Alcathous (2) Melanippus, Critolaus and Thymoetes |
| Consort | (i) Theano (ii) unknown |
| Children | (i) Archelochus, Acamas, Glaucus, Helicaon, Laodocus, Polybus, Agenor, Iphidamas, Coön, Laodamas, Demoleon, Eurymachus, Medon, Thersilochus and Crino (ii) Pedaeus |
Description
editAntenor was described by the chronicler Malalas in his account of the Chronography as "tall, thin, white, blond, small-eyed, hook-nosed, crafty, cowardly, secure, a story-teller, eloquent".[1] Meanwhile, in the account of Dares the Phrygian, he was illustrated as "... tall, graceful, swift, crafty, and cautious."[2]
Family
editAntenor was variously named as the son of the Dardanian noble Aesyetes by Cleomestra[3] or of Hicetaon.[4] He was the husband of Theano,[5] daughter of Cisseus of Thrace, who bore him at least one daughter, Crino,[6] and numerous sons, including Acamas,[7][8] Agenor,[9][10] Antheus,[11] Archelochus,[12][13] Coön,[14] Demoleon,[15] Eurymachus,[16] Glaucus,[17] Helicaon,[18] Iphidamas,[19] Laodamas,[20][21] Laodocus,[22] Medon,[23] Polybus[9][24] and Thersilochus[23] (most of whom perished during the Trojan War).[25] He was also the father of a bastard son, Pedaeus,[26][27] by an unknown woman. According to numerous scholars, Antenor was actually related to Priam.[28]
| Relation | Names | Sources | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homer | Virgil | Apollodorus | Pausanias | Dictys | Tzetzes | Eustathius | |||
| Parentage | Aesyetes and Cleomestra | ✓ | |||||||
| Hicetaon | ✓ | ||||||||
| Spouse | Theano | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Unknown | ✓ | ||||||||
| Children | Crino | ✓ | |||||||
| Archelochus | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Acamas | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Glaucus | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Helicaon | ✓ | ||||||||
| Laodocus | ✓ | ||||||||
| Pedaeus | ✓ | ||||||||
| Coön | ✓ | ||||||||
| Polybus | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Agenor | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Iphidamas | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Laodamas | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Demoleon | ✓ | ||||||||
| Eurymachus | ✓ | ||||||||
| Medon | ✓ | ||||||||
| Thersilochus | ✓ | ||||||||
| Antheus | ✓ | ||||||||
Mythology
editAntenor was one of the wisest of the Trojan elders and counsellors.[29] In the Homeric account of the Trojan War, Antenor advised the Trojans to return Helen to her husband and otherwise proved sympathetic to a negotiated peace with the Greeks.[30] In later developments of the myths, particularly per Dares and Dictys,[29] Antenor was made an open traitor, unsealing the city gates to the enemy. As payment, his house—marked by a panther skin over the door—was spared during the sack of the city.[30]
His subsequent fate varied across the authors. He was said to have rebuilt a city on the site of Troy; to have settled at Cyrene;[30] the shore of the Tyrrhenian Sea;[31] or to have founded Patavium (modern Padua),[32][33] Korčula,[34] or other cities in eastern Italy.[30]
In literature
edit- Antenor appears briefly in Homer's Iliad. In Book 3 he is present when Helen identifies for Priam each of the Greek warriors from the wall of Troy; when she describes Odysseus, Antenor confirmed her account, alluded to how he entertained Odysseus and Menelaus and got to know both.
In the same book, he accompanied Priam to the front line and bore witness of the King's speech before the duel between Menelaus and his son, Paris. In Book 7, as mentioned above, he advises the Trojans to give Helen back, but Paris refuses to yield.On this Antenor said, "Madam, you have spoken truly. Ulysses once came here as envoy about yourself, and Menelaus with him. I received them in my own house, and therefore know both of them by sight and conversation. When they stood up in presence of the assembled Trojans, Menelaus was the broader shouldered, but when both were seated Ulysses had the more royal presence. After a time they delivered their message, and the speech of Menelaus ran trippingly on the tongue; he did not say much, for he was a man of few words, but he spoke very clearly and to the point, though he was the younger man of the two; Ulysses, on the other hand, when he rose to speak, was at first silent and kept his eyes fixed upon the ground. There was no play nor graceful movement of his sceptre; he kept it straight and stiff like a man unpractised in oratory- one might have taken him for a mere churl or simpleton; but when he raised his voice, and the words came driving from his deep chest like winter snow before the wind, then there was none to touch him, and no man thought further of what he looked like."
- Antenor is mentioned in Vergil's Aeneid in book 1, line 243, when Venus tells Jupiter that Antenor had escaped from the fall of Troy and founded Patavium, modern Padua.
- In Dictys Cretensis' Ephemeris belli Troiani, Antenor and Aeneas betray the Trojans to help the Greeks, ruling over the remains of Troy once the Greeks have left.
- In Dares Phrygius' de excidio Trojae historia, Antenor betrays Troy to the Greeks.
- In Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, Antenor and his followers were banished from Troy, and settled on the shore of the Tyrrhenian Sea; Brutus of Troy later discovers several nations descended from them living there, led by Corineus.
- In Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, Antenor appears as a minor, non-speaking, character who has been taken prisoner by the Greeks but is returned by them in exchange for Criseyde.
- The circle Antenora is named after him in the poem Inferno in Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. It is located in Hell's Circle of Treachery which is reserved for traitors of cities, countries, and political parties.
- Antenor appears as a character in William Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida, set during the Trojan War.
- Antenor is ironically misidentified by Albert Bloch, a bumbling, pretentious character in Marcel Proust's novel The Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes) as the son of the river god Alpheus, probably confusing him with Antinous, with whom Alpheus is associated.
In history
editMikhail Lomonosov in his "Ancient Russian History" deduced as a progenitor of the Slavs and Russians: "Cato has the same in mind when the Venetians, as Pliny testifies, are descended from the Trojans tribe. All this the great and authoritative historian Titus Livy shows and carefully explains. "Antenor," he writes, "came after many wanderings to the inner extremity of the Adriatic gulf with a multitude of the Enenites, who had been driven out of Paphlagonia and at Troy had lost their king Pilimenes: to move to that place they sought a leader. After the expulsion of the Euganeans, who lived between the sea and the Alpine mountains, the Henites and Trojans occupied these lands. That is why the name of the settlement was Troy, and the whole nation was called the Venetians".[35]
Eponym
editThe minor planet 2207 Antenor, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, is named after him.[36]
Notes
edit- ^ Malalas, Chronography 5.106
- ^ Dares Phrygius, 12
- ^ Dictys Cretensis, 4.22
- ^ Eustathius on Homer, p. 349; scholia on Iliad 3.201
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.34 ff see Greek version: "Ἀρχέλοχος καὶ Ἀκάμας Ἀντήνορος καὶ Θεανοῦς, Δαρδανίων ἡγούμενοι" is translated as "Archelochus and Acamas, sons of Antenor and Theano, leaders of the Dardanians"
- ^ Pausanias, 10.27.4
- ^ Homer, Iliad 2.823, 11.60 & 12.100; Apollodorus, Epitome 3.34
- ^ Tzetzes, John (2015). Allegories of the Iliad. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 61, Prologue 806–807, p. 219, 11.44–46. ISBN 978-0-674-96785-4.
- ^ a b Tzetzes, John (2015). Allegories of the Iliad. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 219, 11.44–46. ISBN 978-0-674-96785-4.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 11.59, 21.545 & 579
- ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 134
- ^ Homer, Iliad 2.823, 12.100 & 14.464; Apollodorus, Epitome 3.34
- ^ Tzetzes, John (2015). Allegories of the Iliad. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 61, Prologue 806–807. ISBN 978-0-674-96785-4.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 11.248 & 256, 19.53
- ^ Homer, Iliad 20.395
- ^ Pausanias, 10.27.3
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 6.484; Apollodorus, Epitome 5.21; Dictys Cretensis, 4.7; Pausanias, 10.27.3
- ^ Homer, Iliad 3.123
- ^ Homer, Iliad 11.221 & 261; Pausanias, 4.36.4 & 5.19.4
- ^ Homer, Iliad 15.516
- ^ Tzetzes, John (2015). Allegories of the Iliad. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 283, 15.193. ISBN 978-0-674-96785-4.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 4.87
- ^ a b Virgil, Aeneid 6.484
- ^ Homer, Iliad 11.59
- ^ Parada, Carlos. "Antenor(1)". Greek Mythology Link. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 5.69
- ^ Tzetzes, John (2015). Allegories of the Iliad. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 155, 5.38. ISBN 978-0-674-96785-4.
- ^ Lemprière 1822, p. 85.
- ^ a b EB 1911.
- ^ a b c d EB 1878.
- ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth. . Historia Regum Britanniae. Chapters 12–16 – via Wikisource.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 1.1.242
- ^ Livy. History of Rome, Vol. I, Ch. I.
- ^ Solarić, Miljenko; Solarić, Nikola (2009). "Lumbarda Psephisma, the Oldest Document about the Division of Land Parcels in Croatia from the Beginning of the 4th or 3rd Century BC". Kartografija I Geoinfomacije. 8 (1): 80. doi:10.32909/kg.
- ^ Ломоносов М.В. Древняя российская история. Ч. I. Гл. 3.
- ^ Schmadel 2003, p. 293.
References
edit- Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 102
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 92–93
- Dictys Cretensis, from The Trojan War. The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian translated by Richard McIlwaine Frazer, Jr. (1931-). Indiana University Press. 1966. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. ISBN 978-0674995796. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. ISBN 978-0198145318. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Lemprière, John (1822), "Antēnor", A Classical Dictionary: Containing a Copious Account of All Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, with the Value of Coins, Weights, and Measures Used Among the Greeks and Romans, and a Chronological Table, J. Crissy, p. 86
- Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
- Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003), Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.), New York: Springer Verlag, p. 293, ISBN 3-540-00238-3
- Tzetzes, John, Allegories of the Iliad translated by Goldwyn, Adam J. and Kokkini, Dimitra. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, Harvard University Press, 2015.