Pterocarpus indicus (commonly known as Amboyna wood, Malay padauk, Papua New Guinea rosewood, Philippine mahogany, Andaman redwood, Burmese rosewood, narra[3] (from Tagalog[4]) and asana in the Philippines, angsana, or Pashu padauk) is a species of Pterocarpus native to southeastern Asia, northern Australasia, and the western Pacific Ocean islands, in Cambodia, southernmost China, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia,[5] Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.[6]
| Pterocarpus indicus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Pterocarpus |
| Species: | P. indicus
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| Binomial name | |
| Pterocarpus indicus | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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List
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Pterocarpus indicus was one of two species (the other being Eysenhardtia polystachya) used as a source for the 16th- to 18th-century traditional diuretic known as lignum nephriticum.[7]
Many populations of Pterocarpus indicus are seriously threatened. It is extinct in Vietnam and possibly in Sri Lanka and Peninsular Malaysia.[1] It was declared the national tree of the Philippines in 1934 by Governor-General Frank Murphy of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands through Proclamation No. 652.[8]
Description
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It is a large deciduous tree growing to 30–40 m tall, with a trunk up to 2 m diameter. The leaves are 12–22 cm long, pinnate, with 5–11 leaflets, the girth is 12–34 m wide. Most Pterocarpus species prefer seasonal weather but P. indicus prefer rainforests.
The flowers are produced in panicles 6–13 cm long containing a few to numerous flowers; flowering is from February to May in the Philippines, Borneo and the Malay peninsula. They are slightly fragrant and have yellow or orange-yellow petals. The fruit is a semiorbicular pod 2–3 cm diameter, surrounded by a flat 4–6 cm diameter membranaceous wing (wing-like structure) which aids dispersal by the wind. It contains one or two seeds, and does not split open at maturity; it ripens within 4–6 years, and becomes purple when dry. The central part of the pod can be smooth (f. indica), bristly (f. echinatus (Pers.) Rojo) or intermediate.[9][10]
Note: Pterocarpus macrocarpus, a similar species native to Burma, is referred to as "Rosewood" throughout South East Asia. P. macrocarpus is usually harder than P. indicus. When in burl form both are referred to as Amboyna Burl.
Uses
editThe hardwood, which is purplish, is termite-resistant and rose-scented. The wood known in Indonesia as amboyna is the burl of the tree, named after Ambon, where much of this material was originally found. Often amboyna is finely sliced to produce an extremely decorative veneer, used for decoration and in making of furniture and keys on a marimba.
It is a premium timber species suitable for high grade furniture, lumber and plywood for light construction purposes. It is also used for cartwheels, wood carving and musical instruments.[11]
The flower is used as a honey source while leaf infusions are used as shampoos. Both flowers and leaves were said to be eaten. The leaves are supposedly good for waxing and polishing brass and copper. It is also a source of kino or resin.[10]
The leaves of narra are also used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of health problems. Narra leaves contain flavonoids. Flavonoids are antioxidants that provide health benefits to humans, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic benefits. Flavonoids in narra leaves may be capable of preventing damage to your kidneys.[12]
In folk medicine, it is used to combat tumors.[10] This property might be due to an acidic polypeptide found in its leaves that inhibited growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by disruption of cell and nuclear membranes.[citation needed] It was also one of the sources of lignum nephriticum, a diuretic in Europe during the 16th to 18th centuries. Its reputation is due to its wood infusions, which are fluorescent.[7]
The tree is recommended as an ornamental tree for avenues and is sometimes planted in Puerto Rico as a shade and ornament. The tall, dome-shaped crown, with long, drooping branches is very attractive and the flowers are spectacular in areas with a dry season. It is very easily propagated from seed or large stem cuttings, but suffers from disease problems. It is widely planted as a roadside, park, and parking lot tree.
In agroforestry, it maintains ecosystem fertility and soil stability. Narra is a leguminous plant that is capable of fixing nitrogen by forming endosymbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that lives in its root nodules. Nodulating leguminous plants, such as narra, are responsible for transforming atmospheric nitrogen into a plant-usable form.
In the Philippines, a permit is required to cut the narra (cf. Tagalog and Cebuano nára, Maranao nara),[13] but nevertheless the popular sturdy wood is widely used for construction and furniture projects.[14]
In Singapore, the ease to propagate the tree made it a favourite for the urban planners in Singapore to plant new trees via monoculture in a campaign to transform the rapidly urbaning city into a green city in between 1969 and 1982.[15][16] In 1985, 1,400 trees died due to "Angsana Wilt Disease," and were cut down.[16] It was found that the fusarium oxysporum fungi species was the cause of the disease.[16] The fungus was carried by ambrosia beetles boring into the trees.[17] The infection was eventually controlled by a combination of monitoring, removal of lightning-damaged trees, and replanting with identified disease-resistant varieties.[18]
Symbolism
editIt is the national tree of the Philippines,[8] as well as the provincial tree of Chonburi and Phuket in Thailand.
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Pterocarpus indicus, Burmese rose wood tree in the Penang Botanic Garden -
Pterocarpus indicus in Calauit Island
References
edit- ^ a b Barstow, M. (2018). "Pterocarpus indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T33241A2835450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T33241A2835450.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Pterocarpus indicus Willd". The World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "Pterocarpus indicus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ Merrill, Elmer Drew (1903). A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands. Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, Department of The Interior. p. 179 – via University of Michigan Digital Collections.
- ^ Gardner, Simon; Sidisunthorn, Pindar; Ee, Lai (2011). Heritage Trees of Penang. George Town, Penang, Malaysia: Areca Books. ISBN 978-967-57190-6-6. [page needed]
- ^ "Pterocarpus indicus". International Legume Database & Information Service. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011.
- ^ a b Muyskens, M.; Ed Vitz (2006). "The Fluorescence of Lignum nephriticum: A Flash Back to the Past and a Simple Demonstration of Natural Substance Fluorescence". Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (5): 765. Bibcode:2006JChEd..83..765M. doi:10.1021/ed083p765.
- ^ a b Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (3 October 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- ^ Danida Seed Leaflet: Pterocarpus indicus (pdf file) Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Purdue University New Crops: Pterocarpus indicus Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Carandang, 2004[incomplete short citation]
- ^ Saputri et.al., 2007[incomplete short citation]
- ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (3 October 2014). "9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". In Focus. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ "SOTA's Angsana tree to be removed due to decay". Today. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ a b c Yeo, Hwee Yng (22 December 1992). "New treatment found for diseased Angsana trees". The Straits Times. p. 25. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ Sanderson, F. R.; Fong, Yok King; Saiful Anuar; Yik, Choi Pheng; Ong, Keng Ho (1996). A Fusarium Wilt (Fusariurn oxysporum) of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) in Singapore (PDF) (Report).
- ^ Mystery Plague That Killed Singapore's Angsanas | Secret Lives Of Trees (Part 1/2) | Full Episode (documentary). CNA. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023 – via YouTube.
External links
edit- Pterocarpus indicus (narra). Images and references – (2006) 17p
- PIER species info: Pterocarpus indicus
Media related to Pterocarpus indicus at Wikimedia Commons