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Ancient universities of Scotland

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The ancient universities of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthighean ann an Alba)[1] are medieval and renaissance universities that continue to exist in the present day. Together, the four universities are the oldest universities in continuous operation in the English-speaking world after the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The majority of the ancient universities of the British Isles are located within Scotland, and have a number of distinctive features in common, being governed by a series of measures laid down in the Universities (Scotland) Acts 1858–1966. The Universities (Scotland) Act 1966 uses the term 'older universities' to refer to St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh.[2] The four universities are generally regarded as the country's most selective, eminent and well-ranked universities.[6]

Ancient universities of Scotland. Clockwise from upper left: St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh.
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Locations of the ancient universities

In common with the other ancient universities of the United Kingdom, the Scottish ancients find themselves administered in a quite different fashion from the new universities (there are now fifteen universities in Scotland) and are granted a number of privileges as a result of their different status. The ancient universities are part of twenty-seven culturally significant institutions recognised by the British monarchy as privileged bodies of the United Kingdom.[7]

Foundation and development

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The surviving ancient universities in Scotland are, in order of formation:

Year Name Location Notes
1413; 611 years ago (1413)   University of St Andrews St Andrews, Scotland Founded by a papal bull building on earlier bodies established between 1410 and 1413, but officially recognized in 1413[8]
1451; 573 years ago (1451)   University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland Founded by a papal bull of Pope Nicholas V[9]
1495; 529 years ago (1495)   University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, Scotland King's College was founded in 1495 by papal bull and Marischal College in 1593; they merged in 1860
1582; 442 years ago (1582)   University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, Scotland Established by the town council under the authority of a royal charter granted by James VI

Members

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St Andrews

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Main articles: History of the University of St Andrews and University of St Andrews
 
St Salvator's Chapel, St Andrews

The University of St Andrews traces its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Laurence of Lindores, archdeacon Richard Cornwall, bishop William Stephenson and others. Bishop Henry Wardlaw (died 1440) issued a charter in 1411 and attracted the most learned men in Scotland as professors. In 1413 Avignon Pope Benedict XIII issued six bulls confirming the charter and constituting the society a university.

All of the ancient universities with the exception of St Andrews were both universities and colleges, with both titles being used.[10][11] However the University of St Andrews was a traditional collegiate university with a number of colleges. Today, only two statutory colleges exist: United College and the much smaller St Mary's College for students of theology.

In 1897 a third college was created when University College Dundee (founded in 1891) was incorporated and absorbed into St Andrews University (1897). University College subsequently became Queen's College (1954). In 1978 Queen's College separated from the University of St Andrews to become the independent University of Dundee. A fourth non-statutory college, St Leonard's College was founded in 1972 using the name of an earlier institution as a formal grouping of postgraduate students. In 2022, the university announced its intention to found New College, which would form a new hub for the schools of economics and finance, international relations, and management.[12]

Glasgow

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Gilmorehill campus, University of Glasgow
Main article: University of Glasgow

The University of Glasgow was founded in 1451 by a charter or papal bull from Pope Nicholas V, at the suggestion of King James II, giving Bishop William Turnbull, a graduate of the University of St Andrews, permission to add a university to the city's Cathedral.[13] It is the second-oldest university in Scotland after St Andrews and the fourth-oldest in the English-speaking world. The universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen were ecclesiastical foundations, while Edinburgh was a civic foundation. As one of the ancient universities of the United Kingdom, Glasgow is one of only eight institutions to award undergraduate master's degrees in certain disciplines.[14]

Aberdeen

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Main article: University of Aberdeen
 
Elphinstone Hall, Aberdeen

No college is mentioned in the foundation bill, only a university and it was the "University of Aberdeen" by that name which was established in 1495. Subsequently, a single college, originally known as St. Mary of the Nativity, was established (it was founded by William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen, who drafted a request on behalf of King James IV to Pope Alexander VI which resulted in a papal bull being issued). Soon the entity came to be called King's College, after its royal founder James IV.

A separate university (Marischal College) was founded in 1593. In 1860, King's merged with Marischal College. While both institutions were universities and would be considered ancient, the act of parliament uniting the two specified that the date of the foundation of the new united university would be taken to be that of the older King's College.

Aberdeen was highly unusual at this time for having two universities in one city: as 20th-century university prospectuses observed, Aberdeen had the same number as existed in England at the time (the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge). In addition, Fraserburgh University was set up to the north of Aberdeen in Fraserburgh in 1595, but was closed down about a decade later. A further institute that was established in 1750 under the wishes of Robert Gordon, a wealthy University of Aberdeen alumnus, has since evolved into the modern Robert Gordon University.

Edinburgh

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New College, Edinburgh
Main article: University of Edinburgh

Founded by the Edinburgh Town Council, the university began as a college of law using part of a legacy left by a graduate of the University of St Andrews, Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Orkney.[15] The university was established by a royal charter granted by James VI in April 1582,[16] and instruction began under the charge of theologian Robert Rollock in October 1583.[17] As the first Scottish university to be founded by royal charter at the urging of the 'town council and burges of Edinburgh', rather than through papal bulls as had been the case for the three older universities, this set a new precedent. Despite this difference, it is universally considered one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland (and ten years older than the youngest ancient university, the Trinity College Dublin), a status affirmed by the Scottish Government.[18]

Anomalies

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University of Dundee

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The University of Dundee gained independent university status by royal charter in 1967, having previously been a college of the University of St Andrews. While not governed by the Universities (Scotland) Acts, the institution's Royal Charter provided for it to adopt the characteristics of ancient university governance such as the academic senate, awarding the undergraduate MA degree and electing a Rector.

As a consequence, some sources have grouped the University of Dundee among the ancient universities.[19][20] The label has also been used by the university itself.[21] In a Scottish Government report published in 2019, Dundee is classified as a 'Chartered' university, alongside Strathclyde, Heriot-Watt, and Stirling, as opposed to an 'Ancient' university.[22]

At the installation of the university's Rector in 2007, the Principal and Vice Chancellor Sir Alan Langlands addressed the issue, noting:[23]

'The position of Rector is something that Dundee shares with only four other universities in Scotland – the so-called "Ancient Universities". For Dundee to be classed with the "ancients" – at a relatively youthful age of forty – feels a bit like finding someone getting up to offer you their seat on the bus when you feel that you are still a bit on the young side. But we accept this "ancient" tag, with grace, as a mark of our history and distinction and a reinforcement of the University's commitment to student representation at levels.'

University of Aberdeen

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Marischal College, a former ancient university now part of the University of Aberdeen.

Despite being held as an ancient university, the University of Aberdeen was only created in 1860. The university was formed by the amalgamation of two existing ancient universities within Aberdeen, which were:

The two universities, generally known simply as King's College and Marischal College, were united into the modern University of Aberdeen by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858. The act of parliament uniting the two universities specified that the date of the foundation of the new united university would be taken to be that of the older King's College, 1495. Another, short-lived, university existed in the Aberdeenshire town of Fraserburgh from 1595 to 1605 (University of Fraserburgh).[24][25]

In modern times, former college names may refer to specific university buildings, such as the King's College and Marischal College buildings in Aberdeen, the Old College and New College at Edinburgh and the 'Old College' to refer to the former buildings of the University of Glasgow before its move in the 19th century to Gilmorehill.[26]

Undergraduate Master of Arts degree

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Main articles: Master of Arts (Scotland) and Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)

The ancient universities are distinctive in offering the Magister Artium/Master of Arts (M.A.) as an undergraduate academic degree. This is sometimes known as the Scottish MA, though it is offered by fewer than a third of Scotland's Universities.

Universities (Scotland) Acts

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Main article: Ancient university governance in Scotland

The Universities (Scotland) Acts created a distinctive system of governance for the ancient universities in Scotland, the process beginning with the 1858 Act and ending with the 1966 Act. Despite not being founded until after the first in these series of Acts, the University of Dundee shares all the features contained therein.

As a result of these Acts, each of these universities is governed by a tripartite system of General Council, University Court, and Academic Senate.

The chief executive and chief academic is the University Principal who also holds the title of Vice-Chancellor as an honorific. The Chancellor is a titular non-resident head to each university and is elected for life by the respective General Council, although in actuality a good number of Chancellors resign before the end of their "term of office".

Each also has a students' representative council (SRC) as required by statute, although at the University of Aberdeen this has recently been renamed, the Students' Association Council (the Students' Association having been the parent body of the SRC).[27]

Status

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HESA Student Body (2022/23)[28]
University Students Students by domicile (%)
Scotland rUK Non-UK
Aberdeen 15,455
59.1%
13.6%
26.2%
Edinburgh 39,110
29.4%
28.1%
42.5%
Glasgow 39,775
49.5%
12.2%
38.2%
St Andrews 12,160
26.5%
26.2%
47.2%
Overall 106,480
40.9%
19.8%
39.1%

Student body

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In the 2022–23 academic year, 106,480 students were enrolled at the four institutions: 43,520 were from Scotland (40.9%), 21,110 from the rest of the United Kingdom (19.8%) and 41,615 were from overseas (39.1%).

The Scottish Government enforces a quota on the number of undergraduate places available for students from Scotland and as a result, entry to the four universities are selective. Entrance typically requires strong performances in standardised exams as represented by the average scores of new entrants when converted to UCAS points. All four universities were in the top ten British universities by entry standards for 2021 entry with St Andrews: 1st, Glasgow: joint 2nd (along with Cambridge), Edinburgh: 7th and Aberdeen: 8th.[29]

Students from private education are over-represented at the ancient universities with the four universities hosting the highest proportion of privately educated students out of all Scottish universities in 2020/21 (St Andrews: 36.9%, Edinburgh: 35.5%, Glasgow: 16.1% and Aberdeen: 15.8%).[30] St Andrews' and Edinburgh's higher proportion of private school students are due to the two universities recruiting "substantial numbers of students from the rest of the United Kingdom, many of whom come from prosperous English families and attended private schools" according to a report commissioned for the Scottish Government.[31] In Scotland, around 4 per cent of the school-age population attend private schools[32] and 11 per cent of all higher education students in Scottish institutions have attended private schools.[33]

Domicile and ethnic background (2022/23)[28][34]
University British White[a] British Asian Black British British
Mixed Heritage		 Other/
not known		 International
EU Non-EU
Aberdeen 60.2% 5.1% 2.5% 2.3% 2.6% 6.5% 19.8%
Edinburgh 48.0% 3.8% 0.9% 2.8% 2.1% 6.9% 35.6%
Glasgow 50.3% 3.5% 1% 2% 4.8% 5% 33.2%
St Andrews 43.6% 3.5% 0.9% 2.7% 1.9% 8.6% 38.6%
Scotland[35] 92.9% 3.9% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% — —
89.8% 4.3% 5.9%
  1. ^ Not to be confused with solely White British

Funding and finances

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The total annual income for the ancient universities for 2022–23 was £2.87 billion of which £663.2 million was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £331.7 million. The universities hold a total endowment value of £967.6 million and net assets of £4.47 billion. £520.5 million was received from the Scottish Funding Council via grants and £94.1 million was received from tuition fees of students domiciled in Scotland. Further tuition fees of £145.6 million was received from students from the rest of the United Kingdom and £859.3 million was received from overseas students. The table below is a record of each ancient universities' financial data for the 2022–23 financial year:

University Government funding body grants (£m) Scottish Teaching income (£m) rUK Teaching income (£m) non-UK Teaching income (£m) Overall Teaching income (£m) Research income (£m) Total income (£m) Operating surplus (£m) Endowment value (£m) Net Assets (£m)
University of Aberdeen[36] 80.4 17.8 11.5 62.9 96.9 56.3 268.6 9.3 58.6 352.4
University of Edinburgh[37] 210.0 27.5 86.0 372.9 513.7 339.5 1,340.6 176.8 559.8 2,615.4
University of Glasgow[38] 185.9 42.2 23.6 312.0 403.8 220.7 944.2 124.5 234.3 1,078.7
University of St Andrews[39] 43.3 6.6 24.5 111.5 150.6 46.7 314.2 21.1 114.9 428.1

Rankings and reputation

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See also: Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom

In the 2025 national league table rankings, the ancient universities of Scotland are placed within the top twenty in both of The Guardian University Guide and in The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide. In the 2025 global rankings, the ancient universities featured in the world's top 250 universities in both of the QS and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.

University Complete 2025 (National)[40] Guardian 2025 (National)[41] Times/Sunday Times 2025 (National)[42] ARWU 2024 (Global)[43] QS 2025 (Global)[44] THE 2025 (Global)[45]
University of Aberdeen 40 12 15 201–300 236 201–250
University of Edinburgh 15 15 17= 40 27 29
University of Glasgow 29 14 16 101–150 78 87=
University of St Andrews 4 2 2 301–400 104 185=

Criticism

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The ancient universities have faced criticism for their inability to attract more students from disadvantaged backgrounds.[46][5] In 2014, approximately 48 per cent of the undergraduate population at the four universities comprises Scottish students,[47] with over half of them having received their education from independent schools in Scotland. 71 per cent of independent school entrants gained a place in one of the four ancient universities, compared with only 29 per cent of state school entrants.[32] In addition, fewer than one in seven students at the four ancient universities in Scotland are from working-class backgrounds.[48] Alumni dominate the top levels of the civil service, law, politics, and media. Notably, more than half of Scotland's top media professionals and 46 per cent of the country's MPs are alumni of these universities.[49] Graduates from the ancients hold a greater influence in the Scottish Government, with 90 per cent of cabinet members and 70 per cent of all ministers having attended one of the ancients.[50] This has prompted claims of elitism, social division and the universities being less inclusive.[51]

Following increasing pressures to address widening access concerns,[52] in 2019, the Scottish Government ordered universities to create lower admissions thresholds for applicants from disadvantaged backgrounds.[4] Alex Massie of The Times has commented that the new widening access targets for Scotland-domiciled students have now meant that there is "no chance" of admission into competitive courses at the ancient universities unless Scottish applicants have a widening access flag in their application.[53][54] Scotland's Commissioner for Fair Access, Sir Peter Scott, had previously stated that middle-class Scottish students with strong academic results had "no entitlement" to enter ancient universities.[55] Concerns over the Scottish Government's approach to funding has also led to accusations that the ancients are incentivised to attract students from the rest of the United Kingdom and from overseas, with all ancient universities of Scotland amongst the most reliant universities in the UK for teaching income from international students.[56]

For the 2016-17 admissions cycle, ancient universities were criticised for the number of clearing places they had for Scottish students. Edinburgh offered 130 courses to students from the rest of the United Kingdom, but only one to Scottish students. Similarly, Aberdeen only offered one course in clearing for Scottish students but 79 for the rest of the UK, while Glasgow offered 5 and 497 courses respectively. St Andrews did not participate in clearing and offered no courses to either Scottish students or students from the rest of the UK.[57]

Later universities

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Main articles: Universities in Scotland and List of UK universities by date of foundation

Following the creation of the ancient universities before the end of the 16th century, no other universities were formed in Scotland until the twentieth century. The first 'new university' of the era was the University of Strathclyde which received its royal charter in 1964, although it traces its origins back to the Andersonian Institute (also known at various times as Anderson's College and Anderson's University) founded in 1796.[58][59][60][61]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Sabhal Mòr Ostaig – Naidheachd – Prionnsabal Oilthigh Obar Dheathain a' toirt seachad Òraid an t-Sabhail". smo.uhi.ac.uk.
  2. ^ s.16
  3. ^ Ancient universities of Scotland#Rankings
  4. ^ a b Johnson, Simon (13 February 2019). "Scotland's ancient universities unveil lower entry grades for poor youngsters". The Telegraph.
  5. ^ a b "Privately educated Scots dominate top jobs". The Scotsman. 7 December 2015.
  6. ^ rankings,[3] eminent,[4] and highly-selective[5]
  7. ^ Elston, Laura (7 March 2023). "King invites leading institutions to reaffirm loyalty to him at historic ceremony". The Independent.
  8. ^ Jobson Lyon, Charles (2009). The History of St. Andrews, Ancient and Modern. BiblioLife. p. 68. ISBN 978-1103782949.
  9. ^ Devine, Thomas (1995). Glasgow: Beginnings to 1830. Manchester University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780719036910.
  10. ^ "Philosophy". The University of Edinburgh.
  11. ^ "Slezer's Scotland". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  12. ^ "New College – Alumni and supporters – University of St Andrews". st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  13. ^ University of Glasgow – Who, Where and When. Retrieved 22 April 2006 Archived 27 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "University of Glasgow". Uniserv Education. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  15. ^ A Short History of the University of Edinburgh: 1556–1889. Horn, D. B. 1967.
  16. ^ "Charter by King James VI, 14 April 1582". University of Edinburgh – Our History. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  17. ^ "Robert Rollock (1555-1599)". University of Edinburgh – Our History. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  18. ^ "Statistics Publication Notice: Lifelong Learning Series: Higher Education Students and Qualifiers at Scottish Institutions 2009-10 – gov.scot".
  19. ^ "Universities funding war flares again". The Scotsman.
  20. ^ McIntosh, Lindsay. "Reforms could do real damage, says Edinburgh university chief". The Times. London.
  21. ^ "University of Dundee: Press Release". app.dundee.ac.uk.
  22. ^ "Finances of Scottish Universities" (PDF). audit-scotland.gov.uk. Audit Scotland. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  23. ^ "University of Dundee : External Relations : Press Office". 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011.
  24. ^ "Fraserburgh from The Gazetteer for Scotland". scottish-places.info.
  25. ^ University of Aberdeen. Marischal College; Anderson, Peter John; Johnstone, James Fowler Kellas (1889–1898). Fasti Academiae Mariscallanae Aberdonensis : selections from the records of the Marischal College and University, MDXClll-MDCCCLX. Robarts – University of Toronto. Aberdeen : Printed for the New Spalding Club.
  26. ^ "Scran Web Site". Scran.
  27. ^ "University of Aberdeen Students' Association Constitution". Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
  28. ^ a b "Where do HE students study?: Students by HE provider". HESA. HE student enrolments by HE provider. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  29. ^ "UK University Rankings 2025: League table – Entry Standards". The Times and Sunday Times.
  30. ^ "Widening participation: UK Performance Indicators: Table T2a – Participation of under-represented groups in higher education". Higher Education Statistics Authority. hesa.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  31. ^ "Maintaining the Momentum Towards Fair Access Annual Report 2022" (PDF). gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  32. ^ a b Johnson, Simon (27 May 2016). "Poor Scots 'squeezed out of university by SNP cap on places'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  33. ^ "Re-Committing to Fair Access: A Plan for Recovery Annual Report 2021" (PDF). gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  34. ^ "Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics". HESA. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  35. ^ "Scotland's Census 2022 – Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion – Chart data". Scotland's Census. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
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  37. ^ "Annual Report and Accounts for the Year to 31 July 2023" (PDF). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  38. ^ "Reports and Financial Statements for the year to 31 July 2023" (PDF). University of Glasgow. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  39. ^ "Reports and Financial Statements of the University Court for the year to 31 July 2023" (PDF). University of St Andrews. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
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  41. ^ "Guardian University Guide 2025". The Guardian. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  42. ^ "Good University Guide 2025". The Times. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  43. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 15 August 2024.
  44. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2025". Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. 4 June 2024.
  45. ^ "THE World University Rankings 2025". Times Higher Education. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  46. ^ "Scotland's ancient universities urged to do more to attract disadvantaged students". The Herald. 13 June 2019.
  47. ^ Havergal, Chris (8 July 2016). "Winning a university place getting harder for Scots, report shows". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  48. ^ "Elitist Scotland?" (PDF). Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  49. ^ "Top echelons of Scottish society are 'dominated' by elite private schools and top universities". The Independent. 3 December 2015.
  50. ^ "Revealed: former students of Scotland's 'ancient' universities control Holyrood". The Herald. 9 August 2016.
  51. ^ "Half of Scotland's MPs educated at the country's four ancient universities". The Herald. 25 May 2015.
  52. ^ "Political pressure mounts on Ancient universities to recruit more disadvantaged students". The Herald. 31 May 2017.
  53. ^ Massie, Alex (24 January 2023). "Our university admissions system is a joke". The Times.
  54. ^ Massie, Alex (16 May 2023). "'Free' tuition fees cost Scottish students dear". The Times.
  55. ^ "Lesley Riddoch: University quotas can't fix economic inequality". The Scotsman. 29 December 2016.
  56. ^ Massie, Alex (17 January 2024). "University cuts prove education has never been the SNP's priority". The Times.
  57. ^ Johnson, Simon (20 August 2016). "SNP under attack over free tuition cap as number of Scots missing out on university place almost doubles". The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  58. ^ "About Strathclyde: Our location and heritage: History". University of Strathclyde. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  59. ^ "The 'Andersonian' – The First Technical College". technicaleducationmatters.org. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  60. ^ "BBC – A History of the World – Object : Anderson's University, Glasgow". BBC.
  61. ^ "Anderson's College, Glasgow – University of Strathclyde Archives". atom.lib.strath.ac.uk.
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