The anal stage is the second stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, taking place approximately between the ages of 18 months and three years. In this stage, the anal erogenous zone becomes the primary focus of the child's libidinal energy. The main social context for the experience is the process of toilet training, where anal pleasure becomes associated with the control of bowel movements.
According to Freud's theory, personality is developed through a series of stages, focused on erogenous areas, throughout childhood.[1] A healthy personality in adulthood is dependent upon all of these childhood stages being resolved successfully. If issues are not resolved in a stage, then fixation can occur, potentially resulting in neurotic tendencies or psychological disturbance. A fixation at this stage can result in a personality that is too rigid or one that is too disordered.
General information
editThe anal stage, in Freudian psychology, is the period of human development occurring at about one to three years of age.[2] Around this age, the child begins to toilet train, which brings about the child's fascination in the erogenous zone of the anus. The erogenous zone is focused on the bowel and bladder control. Therefore, Freud believed that the libido was mainly focused on controlling the bladder and bowel movements. The anal stage coincides with the start of the child's ability to control their anal sphincter, and therefore their ability to pass or withhold feces at will.[3] If the children during this stage can overcome the conflict it will result in a sense of accomplishment and independence.[4]
Conflict
editThis is the second stage of Freud's psychosexual stages. This stage represents a conflict with the id, ego, and superego. The child is approached with this conflict with the parent's demands. A successful completion of this stage depends on how the parents interact with the child while toilet training.[5] If a parent praises the child and gives rewards for using the toilet properly and at the right times then the child will successfully go through the stage. However, if a parent ridicules and punishes a child while they are at this stage, the child can respond in negative ways.
Parents' role
editAs mentioned before the ability for the children to be successful in this stage is solely dependent upon their parents and the approach they use towards toilet training. Freud believed that parents should promote the use of toilet training with praise and rewards. The use of positive reinforcement after using the toilet at the appropriate times encourages positive outcomes. This will help reinforce the feeling that the child is capable of controlling their bladder.[6] The parents help make the outcome of this stage a positive experience which in turn will lead to a competent, productive, and creative adult. This stage is also important in the child's future relationships with authority.
According to Freud's Psychosexual Theory, parents need to be very careful in how they react to their children during this sensitive stage. During this stage children test their parents, the authority figures, on how much power they really have as opposed to how much room the child has to make his or her own decisions.[7]
Anal-retentive personality
editNegative parent-child interactions in the anal stage, including early or harsh toilet training, can lead to the development of an anal-retentive personality. If the parents are too forceful or harsh in training the child to control their own bowel movements, the child may react by deliberately retaining their bowel movements in rebellion. They will form into an adult who hates mess, and is obsessively tidy, punctual, and respectful to authority.[8] These adults can sometimes be stubborn and be very careful with their money.[9][10]
Anal-expulsive personality
editOverly passive parent-child interactions in the anal stage lead to the development of an anal-expulsive personality.[11] Because the child's parents were inconsistent or neglectful in teaching the child to control their own bowel movements, the child may relieve themselves at inappropriate times and soil their pants in rebellion against using the toilet.[12] As adults, they will want to share things with their peers and give things away. They can sometimes be messy, disorganized, and rebellious. They may also be inconsiderate of others' feelings.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lantz, Sarah E.; Ray, Sagarika (2021), "Freud Developmental Theory", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491458, retrieved 2021-03-10
- ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ Haslam, Nick (2020), "Anal Stage", in Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 147–148, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1359, ISBN 978-3-319-24610-9, retrieved 2024-01-25
- ^ Shane, Morton (January 1967). "Encopresis in a Latency Boy: An Arrest along a Developmental Line". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 22 (1): 296–314. doi:10.1080/00797308.1967.11822601. ISSN 0079-7308. PMID 5590068.
- ^ Lantz, Sarah E.; Ray, Sagarika (2024), "Freud Developmental Theory", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491458, retrieved 2024-01-24
- ^ Halligan, Sarah; Luyben, Paul (July 9, 2009). "Prompts, feedback, positive reinforcement and potty training". Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community. 37 (3): 177–186. doi:10.1080/10852350902976031. PMID 19629828 – via APA Psychinfo.
- ^ Colarusso, Calvin A. (1992), Colarusso, Calvin A. (ed.), "The Anal Phase (Ages 1–3)", Child and Adult Development: A Psychoanalytic Introduction for Clinicians, Critical Issues in Psychiatry, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 47–64, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9673-5_4, ISBN 978-1-4757-9673-5, retrieved 2024-01-24
- ^ "Sigmund Freud: Religion | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ "Notes on the anal stage (1961/2b)", About Children and Children-No-Longer, Routledge, pp. 138–149, 2005-11-02, doi:10.4324/9780203013755-20, ISBN 978-0-203-01375-5, retrieved 2024-01-24
- ^ Menninger, William C. (April 1943). "Characterologic and Symptomatic Expressions Related to the Anal Phase of Psychosexual Development". The Psychoanalytic Quarterly. 12 (2): 161–193. doi:10.1080/21674086.1943.11925523. ISSN 0033-2828.
- ^ Hoover, Steven; Grose-Fifer, Jill (2012). "Electrophysiological Identification of Malingered Executive Dysfunction". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e669802012-370. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ "Anal-expulsive phase". APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
External links
edit- Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (1973). "Anal-Sadistic stage (or phase) (pp. 35–36)". The Language of Psycho-analysis. London: Karnac Books. ISBN 0-946-43949-4.
- Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) [1969]. "Anal erotism (pp. 44ff.)". Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Libido Theory. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-31767039-1.
- Freud's Psychosexual Stages
- Felluga, Dino. "Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development". Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University College of Liberal Arts.