The Amakasu Incident (甘粕事件, Amakasu Jiken) was the murder of two prominent Japanese anarchists and their young nephew by military police, led by Lieutenant Amakasu Masahiko, in September 1923. The victims were Ōsugi Sakae, an informal leader of the Japanese anarchist movement, together with the anarcha-feminist Itō Noe (his lover), and Ōsugi's six-year-old nephew.[1]
| Amakasu Incident | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Kantō Massacre | |
.jpg) | |
| Date | 16 September 1923 |
Attack type | Extrajudicial killing |
| Victims |
|
| Perpetrators | Kempeitai, led by Masahiko Amakasu |
History
editDuring the chaos that followed the catastrophic 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Japanese authorities killed many dissidents and ethnic Koreans in what became known as the Kantō Massacre. Itō, Ōsugi, and his nephew were arrested on 16 September.[1] According to writer and activist Jakucho Setouchi, Itō, Ōsugi, and his 6-year-old nephew were arrested, beaten to death, and thrown into an abandoned well by a squad of military police led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu.[2] According to literary scholar Patricia Morley, Itō and Ōsugi were strangled in their cells.[3] Both accounts agree that both or all of the prisoners were brutally executed without a trial, where convictions and death sentences for the two adults would have been almost guaranteed. These killings, which became known as the Amakasu Incident, sparked widespread anger. The historian John Crump argued that "once again, the most able anarchist of his generation had been murdered," echoing the execution of Kōtoku Shūsui in the High Treason Incident just twelve years prior.[1]
While many were outraged in Japan, thousands signed petitions requesting leniency on Amakasu's behalf. The murders drew attention in the United States, since the child was a dual-national with American citizenship, having been born in Portland, Oregon. Efforts to get the American Embassy involved were unsuccessful. One embassy official made a brief statement on the case.[4]
"In the case, even, of an unquestioned American citizen involved in trial in a foreign court, the law of that country must take its course, and we can only be interested in seeing that the trial is fair and the law impartially applied."
Amakasu and four other Imperial Japanese Army soldiers were court-martialed for the murders.[5] During the trial, Amakasu's lawyers tied the murder to soldierly duties, and the ideals of spontaneity, sincerity, and pure motives. They argued that Sakae and Noe were traitors, and Amakasu killed them out of an irresistible urge to protect his country. As for the murder of the child, they argued that this was still justifiable for the public good. Many in the courtroom sympathized with these arguments, with spectators loudly calling Amakasu a "kokushi" (hero). The judge did nothing to intervene. Even the military prosecutor, while unwilling to accept the defense's arguments as an excuse, was sympathetic. Believing that Amakasu had merely acted excessively, he said the officer's patriotism "brought tears into one's eyes". As such, he demanded only 15 years in prison with hard labour for Amakasu, and lesser punishments for the other defendants.[6]
The judge was even more lenient. Amakasu was sentenced to ten years in prison with hard labour, and IJA sergeant Keijiro Mori was sentenced to three years in prison with hard labour as an accomplice. The other three men were acquitted, two on the grounds of superior orders, and the other due to insufficient evidence.[7][8] In August 1924, Amakasu's sentence was reduced to 7 years and six months.[9] Amakasu was released due to an amnesty in October 1926. He studied in France and became a special agent for the Imperial Japanese Army in Manchuria.[10] When Japan surrendered in August 1945, he committed suicide by means of potassium cyanide.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Crump, John (1993). Hatta Shūzō and Pure Anarchism in Interwar Japan. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23038-9. ISBN 978-1-349-23040-2.
- ^ Setouchi, Harumi (1993). Beauty in Disarray (1st ed.). Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-8048-1866-5.
- ^ Morley, Patricia (1999). The Mountain is Moving: Japanese Women's Lives. University of British Columbia Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780774806756.
- ^ "Amakasu Incident Embassy". The Marshall Messenger. 1923-12-12. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ The Japan Financial and Economic Monthly. Liberal news agency. 1924. p. 16.
- ^ Orbach, Danny (2018). "Pure Spirits: Imperial Japanese Justice and Right-Wing Terrorists, 1878–1936". Asian Studies. 6 (2): 129–156. doi:10.4312/as.2018.6.2.129-156. ISSN 2350-4226.
- ^ "Murder of an Anarchist Recalled: Suppression of News in the Wake of the 1923 Tokyo Earthquake". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. The Asahi Shinbun Cultural Research Center. November 3, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
- ^ The Japan Financial and Economic Monthly. Liberal news agency. 1924. p. 16.
- ^ "Amakasu released". Dayton Daily News. 1926-08-06. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ Cybriwsky, Roman (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tokyo. Scarecrow Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8108-7489-3.
External links
edit- 甘粕（あまかす）事件 (in Japanese)
- 日本ペンクラブ 電子文藝館 招待席・主権在民史料 「関東大震災」 (今井 清一) (in Japanese)
- 関東大震災と新聞 (池見哲司) (in Japanese)