Al-'Ain al-Sokhna (Arabic: العين السخنة, romanized: al-ʿAyn as-Sukhna Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [elˈʕeːn esˈsoxnæ], "the Hot Spring") is a town in the Suez Governorate, lying on the western shore of the Red Sea's Gulf of Suez. It is situated 55 kilometres (34 mi) south of Suez and approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Cairo.
Ain Sokhna
العين السخنة El ʿĒn El Sokhna | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Ain Sokhna Location in Egypt | |
| Coordinates: 29°36′00″N 32°19′00″E / 29.6°N 32.3167°E | |
| Country |  Egypt |
| Governorate | Suez |
| Population | |
• Total | 45,552 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EST) |
History
editRecent archaeological excavations have shown that there was an ancient Egyptian port and settlement in this area. The site was first brought to attention in 1999 by Professor Mahmud Abd El Raziq.[1] French and Egyptian archaeologists have been investigating this area since that time. It can be compared with the port of Mersa Gawasis further south. It connected the mining areas of the Sinai with Memphis some 120 km across the Eastern Desert, important for turquoise and copper.
Early Bronze
editAs early as the Old Kingdom, seafaring expeditions on the Red Sea were organized from this port. Similar material was also found at the Wadi Maghareh, where many Old Kingdom inscriptions are found.[2]
Middle Bronze
editIn the Middle Kingdom, activity continued along the Red Sea and across to the mining areas in the Sinai.[3]
Eleventh Dynasty
editIn Year 1 of Mentuhotep IV, an expedition of 3,000 men was sent to bring back "products the desert".[4]
Twelfth Dynasty
editSome 4,000 men were sent in an expedition during the reign of Amenemhat I.[3] In Year 9 of Senusret I and Year 2 of Amenemhat II more expeditions were sent. Ity, son of Isis, was an official serving Amenemhat II and he also has two inscriptions at Wadi Maghara dated to the same year. Ten storage galleries cut into the rock has yielded items, including wooden boat planks, ceramics from the 12th Dynasty, and a gold pendant with parallels to some found at Dahshur dating to the reign of Senusret III.
Climate
editKöppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh), as the rest of Egypt.
| Climate data for Ain Sokhna | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18 (64) |
19 (66) |
22 (72) |
27 (81) |
31 (88) |
33 (91) |
34 (93) |
34 (93) |
31 (88) |
29 (84) |
24 (75) |
19 (66) |
27 (80) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7 (45) |
7 (45) |
9 (48) |
12 (54) |
16 (61) |
19 (66) |
20 (68) |
21 (70) |
19 (66) |
16 (61) |
13 (55) |
8 (46) |
14 (57) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) |
4 (0.2) |
4 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
3 (0.1) |
4 (0.2) |
22 (1) |
| Average rainy days | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 21 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 10 |
| Source: Weather2Travel[5] | |||||||||||||
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 °C (72 °F) | 21 °C (70 °F) | 21 °C (70 °F) | 23 °C (73 °F) | 24 °C (75 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) | 27 °C (81 °F) | 28 °C (82 °F) | 28 °C (82 °F) | 27 °C (81 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) | 23 °C (73 °F) |
Economy
editThe town also has a port called Ain Sokhna port.[6]
References
edit- ^ Abd el-Raziq M. 1999. New inscriptions at El-Ein el-Sukhna. Memnonia 10: 125 –31
- ^ Pierre Tallet, Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf. (PDF file) British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 18 (2012): 147–68
- ^ a b Mahmoud Abd el-Raziq, Georges Castel, Pierre Tallet, Grégory Marouard (2012) The Pharaonic Site of Ayn Soukhna in the Gulf of Suez 2001-2009 Progress Report
- ^ Abd el-Raziq et al. 2002
- ^ a b "Ain Soukhna Climate and Weather Averages, Egypt". Weather2Travel. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ Port Said Port Authoritymts.gov.eg Archived 16 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine