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Austin, Chicago

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Austin is one of 77 community areas in Chicago. Located on the city's West Side, it is the third-largest community area by population (behind the Near North Side and Lake View) and the second-largest geographically (behind South Deering). Austin's eastern boundary is the Belt Railway located just east of Cicero Avenue. Its northernmost border is the Milwaukee District / West Line. Its southernmost border is at Roosevelt Road from the Belt Railway west to Austin Boulevard. The northernmost portion, north of North Avenue, extends west to Harlem Avenue, abutting Elmwood Park. In addition to Elmwood Park, Austin also borders the suburbs of Cicero and Oak Park.[2]

Austin
Community area
Community Area 25 – Austin
The Austin Town Hall Park field house.
The Austin Town Hall Park field house.
Location within the city of Chicago
Location within the city of Chicago
Coordinates: 41°54′N 87°45.6′W / 41.900°N 87.7600°W / 41.900; -87.7600
CountryUnited States
StateIllinois
CountyCook
CityChicago
Neighborhoods
List
Area
 • Total
7.16 sq mi (18.54 km2)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total
100,120
 • Density14,000/sq mi (5,400/km2)
Demographics (2022)[1]
 • White5.4%
 • Black72.8%
 • Hispanic19.4%
 • Asian0.6%
 • Other1.7%
Educational Attainment 2022[1]
 • High School Diploma or Higher82.3%
 • Bachelor's Degree or Higher14.5%
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
60644 (entire)
60639, 60651, 60707 (partial)
Median household income (2022)[1]$40,086

History

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Early development

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In 1835, Henry DeKoven purchased prairie land in the region. In 1857, a group of citizens formed the Town of Cicero, a ten-member local governing body that covered modern-day Cicero, Oak Park, Berwyn, and Austin.[3] Eight years later, DeKoven's land was bought by Henry W. Austin. Austin, a businessman and real estate speculator, developed the namesake Austinville subdivision. Its population grew exponentially as the area's attractive amenities and access to suburban railroad service drew in population. In 1870, the Town of Cicero placed its town hall in Austin.[4] However, by the 1890s, the heavily populated Austin area dominated town politics, but did not constitute a majority of voters. The Austin-controlled township government allowed the Lake Street Elevated to extend into Oak Park. Outraged, the other residents of Cicero Township voted to allow Chicago to annex the Austin area in an 1899 referendum. The residents of Austin voted against the referendum.[5][3]

Neighborhood growth

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After its annexation, Austin continued to maintain an independent, suburban identity.[3] By the 1920s, the area had developed significant street railways to serve its commuter population. This infrastructure attracted a large group of European immigrants to the community.[6] In 1926, the area had an etimated 140,000 residents.[3] In 1923, Austin Hospital opened. In 1938, the hospital, now called William Temperance Hospital, was taken over by Sisters of Saint Casimir, who operated the hospital as Loretto Hospital.[2]

In 1949, construction began on the Eisenhower Expressway, which bisected the southern portion of Austin.[3]

African-American migration, white flight, and economic decline

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After World War II, African Americans increasingly moved into the surrounding community areas of East Garfield Park, North Lawndale, and West Garfield Park.[3] After the arrival of African Americans during the Great Migration, race-related prejudices such as a case of the White flight movement, with a dramatic decrease in White residents, White-owned businesses, equal city services support and resources, racially motivated realtor practices, and industrial jobs.[3] By 1970, the Austin community was 32% Black. A decade later, it was 73% Black. These trends of a decline in city services and resources and jobs would continue for the rest of the 20th century with Austin.[7]

The Austin community became known for violence after the loss of free-flowing capital during white flight when prostitution, drug dealing, gang activity, and shoot-outs became commonplace in the Austin neighborhood. Many trace the problems that impacted this community to the crack cocaine epidemic, as well as the opioid crisis, mass incarceration, and the HIV epidemic, which resulted in further economic decline and the loss of many social safety nets.[8] This led to many middle- and upper middle-class African Americans leaving for the suburbs. In 1992, the 15th District (Austin) of the Chicago Police Department located at 5327 West Chicago Avenue at the time recorded about 48 homicides, which covers most of the Austin neighborhood, making the Austin District the fourth-deadliest police district at the time, before the 11th District (Harrison), which had 93 homicides, 7th District (Englewood), which had 80 homicides, and the 2nd District (Wentworth), which had 69 homicides.

The latter half of the 20th century saw significant divestment from the community. The Central station of the Chicago Transportation Agency's Congress Line was closed on September 2, 1973.[9] In 1988, West Side Health Authority was formed after the closure of St. Anne's Hospital. In 1991, the Sisters of Saint Casimir gave control of Loretto Hospital to a management company.[2]

In 1999, developers agreed to turn the abandoned Galewood railyard into an industrial park.[10] During the development of the property, then-Alderman Ike Carothers solicited a bribe to allow the permitting process and zoning changes to move forward. The subsequent trials created a political scandal,[11] and ended with the conviction of the developer and Carothers on various felony charges.[12] The $60 million development ultimately brought new homes and a movie theater to the neighborhood.[13]

Neighborhoods

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Mars station in Galewood
 
Seth Warner House
 
Residence of J.J. Walser Jr.
 
Central Station
 
F. R. Schock House
 
Laramie State Bank Building

Austin is Chicago's second-largest community area both by population and by land area. The Austin community area is made up of four neighborhoods: Galewood, The Island, North Austin, and South Austin.[14]

Galewood

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Galewood is named for Abram Gale, who bought a farm on the area in 1838.[2] The neighborhood is bordered by the Milwaukee District / West Line to the north, Harlem Avenue to the west, North Avenue to the south, and Narragansett Avenue to the east. The area is a historically Italian-American community with a sizable population of Chicago city employees.[15] Since the 1980s, it has seen an increase in African-American and Latino residents, but this integration has occurred peacefully in contrast with other areas of Chicago.[16]

Galewood has two stations on the Milwaukee District West Line. The first, Mars station functions as a stop for employees of the nearby Mars, Incorporated factory, closing in 2024, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, the latter of which is located in Montclare. The Mars station only stops during traditional commuting hours. The second, Galewood Station is located east of Mars station and is a regular service station. Canadian Pacific (which operates in the U.S. Midwest as the Soo Line Railroad) operates freight trains on the line via trackage rights.

The neighborhood has strong ties with neighboring Montclare, including sharing a namesake library in the Chicago Public Library system, and is sometimes considered as part of that neighborhood and not the Austin community.[17][18]

Galewood is significantly whiter than the remainder of Austin. Galewood is 22.51% White, 50.17% African American, and 1.77% from two or more races. Residents who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.96% of the total Galewood population, with the western half of Galewood being 36% White and 31% African American.[N 1]

The Island

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The Island neighborhood is located in the southwest corner of the Austin community. It has a population around 1,700 residents.[21] It encompasses roughly a square mile and its western and southern borders are to the suburbs of Oak Park and Cicero, respectively. It is further isolated from the rest of Austin by an industrial corridor to its east and railroad tracks and Interstate 290 to the north. It is only accessible from Austin Boulevard and Roosevelt Road.[14]

The Island was the last of Austin's neighborhoods to integrate. In the 1980s, when the rest of Austin was over 70% African American, The Island did not have a single African-American family. In 1984, when an African-American family attempted to move in on Roosevelt Road, they were met with violent resistance and shortly moved out. Politically, the area went heavily for Jane Byrne in the Democratic primary and for Edward Vrdolyak against Harold Washington in the 1987 mayoral election that broke down on racial lines.[7] Today, The Island is an integrated community.[21]

The area, once industrial, has a diverse economy. Chicago Studio City, the largest film studio in the Midwestern United States, is located here.[21] The films Transformers: Dark of the Moon, The Dark Knight, and Public Enemies were partially filmed in The Island, as were episodes of Empire and Shameless.[22]

North Austin

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One of Austin's neighborhoods is North Austin; its boundaries start north at Milwaukee District/West Line and Armitage Avenue, western boundaries are Austin Avenue or Austin Boulevard south of North Avenue, eastern boundaries to Cicero Avenue, and southern boundaries to Division Street.[14] The Robert LeFlore Jr. Post Office at 5001 West Division Street is in this neighborhood.[23]

South Austin

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South Austin is the area's largest neighborhood. It is bordered by Division Street to the north, Austin Boulevard to the west, Roosevelt Road to the south, and Cicero Avenue to the east. During the Austin area's transition from a predominantly white community to a predominantly African-American community, the South Austin neighborhood was the first neighborhood to become African-American majority.[7] The neighborhood is characterized by its numerous historic buildings. The neighborhood is home to six landmarks on the National Register of Historic Places: Austin Historic District, Midway Park, Austin Town Hall Park Historic District, Columbus Park, First Congregational Church of Austin, Joseph J. Walser House, and the Seth Warner House. Austin Town Hall Park, modeled after Philadelphia's Independence Hall, is also in this neighborhood.

It is also home to an additional seven Chicago landmarks not listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Beeson House and Coach House, Hitchcock House, Laramie State Bank Building, Schlect House, F. R. Schock House, Marie Schock House, and the Third Unitarian Church.

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1930131,114—
1940132,1070.8%
1950132,1800.1%
1960125,133−5.3%
1970128,0842.4%
1980138,0267.8%
1990114,079−17.3%
2000117,5273.0%
201098,514−16.2%
202096,557−2.0%
[24][1]

According to a 2016 analysis by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, 99,711 people and 32,277 households were residing in the area.[1]

The racial makeup of the area was 4.2% White, 84.2% African American, 0.5% Asian, and 0.80% from other races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 10.3% of the population.[1]

In the area, the age distribution was 30.5% under 19, 20.8% from 20 to 34, 18.7% from 35 to 49, 18.4% from 50 to 64, and 11.60% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33.9 years.[1]

The median household income for the area was $31,435 as opposed to $47,831 for the city. The area's residents were disproportionately lower income; 41.0% of residents earned less than $25,000, 27.6% of residents earned between $25,000 and $49,999, 14.1% earned between $50,000 and $74,999, 8.0% earned between $75,000 and $99,999, 6.4% earned between $100,000 and $149,999, and 2.9% earned $150,000 or more.

About 41,807 residents were in the labor force; 18.9% of workers were employed in the healthcare industry, 11.3% were employed in retail, 11% were employed in administration, 8.4% worked in education, and 8.3% worked in hospitality and food services. The area had an unemployment rate of 22.1%.[1]

Crime

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According to the Chicago Tribune "Crime in Chicagoland" page, the Austin neighborhood ranked 11th out of 77 community areas in Chicago in violent crime, 25th among Chicago community areas in property crimes, and fifth out of 100 for quality-of-life crimes.[25]

Economy

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As of 2023, a general lack exists for food-oriented retail in Austin, and many people living in Austin go to suburban communities to the west to buy groceries. The Austin Town Hall City Market is held to stave off the food desert complex.[26]

Education

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Austin Community Academy High School
 
Children reading at the "Robert Emmet School" in 1911: The school, located at 5500 W Madison Street, closed in 2013.

Austin Community Academy High School[27] closed after spring 2007.[28] New smaller schools have replaced Austin Community Academy High School: Austin Business and Entrepreneurship Academy, which opened in 2006, and Austin Polytechnical Academy, which opened in September 2007.[29]

Other portions of the community area are zoned to Manley High School, Marshall High School, and Orr Campus. Michele Clark Magnet High School is in Austin.

K-8 schools:[30]

  • George Rogers Clark Elementary School - It is a part of the "Island" Community.[31] In 2022 there was a proposal to have CPS acquire an abandoned parking lot to add play space for Clark ES.[32]
  • DePriest Elementary School
  • John Hay Elementary School[33]
  • Howe Elementary School
  • Leland Elementary School
  • Leslie Lewis Elementary School
  • Joseph Lovett Elementary School
  • Nash Elementary School
  • Ronald E. McNair Elementary School
  • Harriet E. Sayre Elementary School
  • Spencer Elementary School
  • Ella Flagg Young Elementary School

Former public schools:

  • Robert Emmet Elementary School - Closed in 2013.[34] The West Side Health Authority acquired the building in 2018.[35] The author planned to make a community service center for a cost of $120,000,000. This was because the Austin community was not interested in the former Emmet School being a medical facility.[34]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago formerly operated:

  • Our Lady Help of Christians School.[36] (closed 1998[37])
  • St. Peter Canisius School (closed 1990)[38]
  • San Miguel School Gary Comer Campus - Opened in 2002,[39] closed in 2012.[40]

Chicago Public Library:

  • Austin Branch - Opened in 1929, named after Henry W. Austin, with Alfred S. Alschuler as the architect. From 1979 to 1981, the library was renovated.[41]
  • North Austin Branch - Its opening was August 5, 1995.[42]
  • West Chicago Avenue Branch - Its opening was June 2, 2006.[43]

Media

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Austin is served by three free weekly newspapers. The West Suburban Journal,[44] founded in 2004, published by black-owned press Trottie Publishing Group, based in the West Cook County suburb of Westchester. L. Nicole Trottie, founder and publisher of West Suburban Journal, is the first black woman in Illinois' 190-year history to found an accredited weekly newspaper. Trottie is also the first African-American woman ever elected to serve on the Illinois Press Association's executive board of directors in its 150-year newspaper-rich history. The Austin Voice[45] has been published in Austin since 1988. The Austin Weekly News,[46] founded in 2005, is published by The Wednesday Journal, a publisher of free weekly newspapers based in Oak Park, Illinois. Both papers are published on Wednesdays and distributed in stores, office buildings, and recreational venues throughout the community. Austin is also served by Austin Talks,[47] an online publication maintained by journalism students at Chicago's Columbia College and underwritten in part by the Chicago Community Trust.

Healthcare

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St. Anne's Hospital, located in the Austin community area, had a capacity for 437 patients. Its property had seven buildings on 9.2 acres (3.7 ha) of land.[48] In August 1988 the Chicago Tribune reported that it was "expected" to end operations.[49] In September of that year, it closed. In 1997, it was announcedto become apartments for elderly people who are financially disadvantaged.[48]

Politics

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Austin is a stronghold for the Democratic Party. In the 2016 presidential election, Austin cast 37,492 votes for Hillary Clinton and 1,280 votes for Donald Trump. Despite this landslide victory, it was Clinton's 23rd-largest margin of victory by percentage points in the 76 community areas she won.[50] In the 2012 presidential election, Austin cast 44,734 votes for Barack Obama and 965 votes for Mitt Romney. It was Obama's 24th-largest margin of victory by percentage points in the 76 community areas he won.[51]

At the local level, Austin is located in Chicago's 28th, 29th, and 37th wards represented by Democrats Jason Ervin, Chris Taliaferro, and Emma Mitts, respectively.[52][53][54]

Notable residents

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Notes

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  1. ^ Census Tracts 2504-2505 in Cook, IL and Galewood (as defined by Google Maps) are coterminous.[19][20]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Community Demographic Snapshot: Austin" (PDF). Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. June 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e Zangs, Mary (July 1, 2014). The Chicago 77: A Community Area Handbook. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: The History Press. ISBN 978-1626196124.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Seligman, Amanda I. (May 10, 2005). Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago's West Side. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226746654.
  4. ^ Martin, Judith A. (2005). "Austin". In Reiff, Janice L.; Durkin Keating, Ann; Grossman, James R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  5. ^ Cain, Louis P. (2005). "Annexation". In Reiff, Janice L.; Durkin Keating, Ann; Grossman, James R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  6. ^ Martin, Judith A. (2005). "Austin". In Reiff, Janice L.; Durkin Keating, Ann; Grossman, James R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  7. ^ a b c Fremon, David K. (October 22, 1988). Chicago Politics Ward by Ward. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31344-9. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  8. ^ Kamada, T. (2020). The Emergence of the Crack Epidemic and City-to-Suburb Mobility Between and Within Ethno-Racial Groups. Center for Open Science. https://ideas.repec.org/p/osf/socarx/wkxqv.html
  9. ^ Buck, Thomas (September 2, 1973). "CTA Shutting Down 7 Rapid Transit Stations Today". Chicago Tribune. p. 5. - Clipping at Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ Tribune Staff (July 17, 1999). "Northwest Side Industrial Park Planned". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois.
  11. ^ Lighty, Todd; Mihalopoulos, Dan (September 23, 2009). "Six aldermen subpoenaed for developer's fraud trial". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois.
  12. ^ Lighty, Todd (February 1, 2010). "Source: Carothers bound for prison: Alderman to plead guilty to tax charges, bribery and lose post". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois.
  13. ^ Mihalopoulos, Dan (October 31, 2008). "Aide: Daley blank on letter". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010 – via Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ a b c "City of Chicago Neighborhoods (1978)" (PDF).
  15. ^ a b Steele, Jeffrey (February 12, 2010). "Timeless community with spirit: Galewood is convenient, close-knit neighborhood". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  16. ^ Dold, R. Bruce (September 18, 1989). "These Northwest Siders give integration a boost". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  17. ^ Anderson, Hilary (March 16, 2003). "Suburban feel in city neighborhood: Space, stability are big draws for Montclare". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  18. ^ Felton, Robert (July 17, 2015). "Residents still pining for new Galewood-Montclare library building". Austin Weekly News. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  19. ^ "Census Tract 2504, Cook, IL". Census Reporter. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
  20. ^ "Census Tract 2505, Cook, IL". Census Reporter. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d e Schmidt, John R. (August 17, 2012). "The Island, past and present". WBEZ 91.5. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  22. ^ "2000 through current". Chicagostudiocity.com. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  23. ^ "Post Office Location – ROBERT LEFLORE JR". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  24. ^ Paral, Rob. "Chicago Community Areas Historical Data". Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
  25. ^ "Austin -- Crime in Chicagoland -- chicagotribune.com". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  26. ^ Chu, Louisa (September 5, 2023). "Guide: A food critic's perfect day in 'the beautiful Austin neighborhood on the mighty West Side of Chicago'". Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  27. ^ "Welcome to Austin Community Academy Online!". November 3, 2002. Archived from the original on November 3, 2002. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  28. ^ "Chicago Public Schools: OSHP High School Directory". February 11, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  29. ^ "New high school to focus on high-tech manufacturing". Chitowndailynews.org. May 31, 2007. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  30. ^ "CPS School Locations" (PDF). schoolinfo.cps.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  31. ^ "Home". Island Civic Association. Retrieved January 16, 2024. - See the dropdown for "Community" and the school is linked.
  32. ^ "Austin residents unite to push playground expansion". June 24, 2022.
  33. ^ "John Hay Elementary Community Academy" (PDF). Chicago Public Schools. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  34. ^ a b Daniels, Cheyanne M. (September 20, 2021). "West Side initiative hopes to revitalize closed school in Austin". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  35. ^ Studenkov, Igor (March 20, 2018). "West Side nonprofit buys Emmet". Austin Weekly News. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  36. ^ "Survivors of School Fire Return to Class Tuesday". Chicago Daily Tribune. Chicago. December 6, 1958. p. Part 1, p. 4. [...]Our Lady Help of Christians school, 851 N. Leamington av. - Clipping at Newspapers.com.
  37. ^ Closed School History: 1984 – 2004." Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. Retrieved on February 16, 2009.
  38. ^ Hirsley, Michael (June 8, 1990). "GRADUATION'S SOMBER AT DOOMED SCHOOLS". Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  39. ^ "History". San Miguel School. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  40. ^ Martin, Michelle (March 11, 2012). "San Miguel School to close Gary Comer Campus after 10 years". Chicago Catholic. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  41. ^ "About Austin Branch". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  42. ^ "About North Austin Branch". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  43. ^ "About West Chicago Avenue Branch". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  44. ^ "West Suburban Journal". Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  45. ^ "The Voice Newspapers, Serving Chicago's West Side". thevoicenewspapers.blogspot.com. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  46. ^ "Austin Weekly News". austinweeklynews.com. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  47. ^ "AustinTalks - News and information covering Chicago's Austin neighborhood on the West Side". austintalks.org. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  48. ^ a b "ST. ANNE'S HOSPITAL WILL GAIN NEW LIFE". Chicago Tribune. September 17, 1997. Retrieved April 21, 2024. 4950 W. Thomas St. - Compare address to map of community area.
  49. ^ "ST. ANNE'S EXPECTED TO JOIN LIST OF SHUTTERED HOSPITALS". Chicago Tribune. August 30, 1988. Retrieved April 1, 2024. St. Anne`s, 4949 W. Division St.,[...]
  50. ^ Ali, Tanveer (November 9, 2016). "How Every Chicago Neighborhood Voted In The 2016 Presidential Election". Chicago, Illinois: DNAinfo.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  51. ^ Ali, Tanveer (November 7, 2012). "How Every Chicago Neighborhood Voted In The 2012 Presidential Election". Chicago, Illinois: DNAinfo.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  52. ^ Connolly, Colleen (February 6, 2015). "Get to Know Your Ward: 28th Ward". Ward Room. WMAQ-TV. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
  53. ^ Connolly, Colleen (February 6, 2015). "Get to Know Your Ward: 29th Ward". Ward Room. WMAQ-TV. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  54. ^ Connolly, Colleen (February 6, 2015). "Get to Know Your Ward: 37th Ward". Ward Room. WMAQ-TV. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  55. ^ Studenkov, Igor (October 26, 2016). "Lack of will or lack of clout?: 29th Ward meeting generates debate about Ald. Taliaferro's responsiveness". Austin Weekly News. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  56. ^ Fishman, Elly (March 25, 2014). "Is Hannibal Buress the Funniest Man Alive?". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  57. ^ a b Illinois Blue Book 1961-1962. p. 260. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  58. ^ "Former Austin Alderman Isaac Carothers enters Cook County Board race". Austin Weekly News. Chicago, Illinois. October 8, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  59. ^ Lacey, Jennifer T. (May 16, 2011). "West Side schools compete for top honors in knowledge bowl". Austin Talks. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
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  61. ^ Roemer, Jr., William F., The Enforcer (1994), p.90
  62. ^ Roemer, Jr., William F., Accardo: The Genuine Godfather (1995), p.271
  63. ^ Wang, Richard A. (2005). "Austin High Gang". In Reiff, Janice L.; Durkin Keating, Ann; Grossman, James R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  64. ^ "Meet the Candidates: City Council, 29th Ward". February 17, 2015.
  65. ^ Jensen, Trevor; Ramirez, Margaret (May 30, 2013). "Andrew Greeley -- priest, author, critic -- dead at 85". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  66. ^ "EX-GOV. JOHN M. HAMILTON ILL: Early This Morning Reported to Be Near Death at His Residence, 4720 Madison Avenue". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 23, 1905.
  67. ^ Dwyer, Bill (June 16, 2009). "Hanrahan's life transcended '69 Panther raid". Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
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  77. ^ Mihalopoulos, Dan (October 6, 2009). "Daley names Banks aide new alderman". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  78. ^ Rice served as Alderman in the same Galewood ward as Banks. He would need to be a resident to do that.
  79. ^ Rock, Phil; Wojcicki, Ed (November 28, 2011). Nobody Calls Just to Say Hello. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0809330720.
  80. ^ 'Illinois Blue Book 1975-1976,' Biographical Sketch of Philip J. Rock, pg. 106
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