2 Samuel 9 is the ninth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[2] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.[3][4] This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Jerusalem.[5][6] This is within a section comprising 2 Samuel 9–20 and continued to 1 Kings 1–2 which deal with the power struggles among David's sons to succeed David's throne until 'the kingdom was established in the hand of Solomon' (1 Kings 2:46).[5]
| 2 Samuel 9 | |
|---|---|
 The pages containing the Books of Samuel (1 & 2 Samuel) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). | |
| Book | First book of Samuel |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 3 |
| Category | Former Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 10 |
Text
editThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 13 verses.
Textual witnesses
editSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 8–10.[8][9][10][11]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[12][a]
Analysis
editThe structure of this chapter is as follows:[14]
- A. David's intention (9:1)
- B. David speaks to Ziba (9:2–5)
- C. Mephibosheth does obeisance (9:6)
- D. David fulfills his covenant with Jonathan (9:7)
- C'. Mephibosheth does obeisance (9:8)
- C. Mephibosheth does obeisance (9:6)
- B'. David speaks to Ziba (9:9–11)
- B. David speaks to Ziba (9:2–5)
- A'. David's intention is accomplished (9:12–13)
This chapter is connected with events concerning the house of Saul and the death of Ishbosheth in 2 Samuel 2–4, but more strongly with the story of the Gibeonites' revenge in 2 Samuel 21:1–14, which should precede the accommodation of Mephibosheth at David's table.[5]
David inquires about the house of Saul (9:1–4)
editThe section begins with David asking about 'showing kindness to the house of Saul for Jonathan's sake' (verse 1), which is based on his promises to Jonathan in their covenant before YHWH (1 Samuel 20:15–16) and his promise to Saul that he 'would not cut off his descendants' (1 Samuel 24:20–22).[5][15] The passage contains a flashback to a time early in David's reign (c. 999 BCE according to Steinmann[16]), placed in this chapter in anticipation of the events in 1 Samuel 16 and 1 Samuel 19 concerning Ziba and Mephibosheth.[16] David did not have much information about Saul's house since his escape from that house (c. 1015 BCE[15]), whereas his last contact with Jonathan was at Horesh (1 Samuel 23:16–18; c. 1013–1012 BCE[15]) about one year after Mephibosheth's birth.[b] David's official knew about Saul's servant, Ziba, who had the information about Saul's descendants (verse 2). Ziba only identified Mephibosheth as the surviving member of the house of Saul, because Saul's sons from concubines and the grandsons through his daughter Merab (cf. 2 Samuel 21:8) were not considered heirs to Saul's house.[15]
Verse 1
edit- And David said, "Is there still anyone left of the house of Saul, that I may show him kindness for Jonathan's sake?"[17]
- "Kindness": in the sense of "covenant faithfulness".[18]
David and Mephibosheth (9:5–13)
edit
The presence of a Saulide in David's household emphasizes that David was dealing honorably with Jonathan's descendant, using the word 'kindness' (khesed), which occurs in verses 1, 3, and 7,[5] to conform with Jonathan's appeal to 'show me the kindness (khesed) of the Lord' in 1 Samuel 20:14.[19] David granted Mephibosheth son of Jonathan special patronage (verse 7), at royal expense (v. 11), his grandfather's property restored to him (verse 7) and arrangements were made for Ziba to act as estate manager to provide for the family (verse 10).[5]
Saul's estate (verse 7) was a crown property, so it should belong to David after he became king, but at that time some may also be still the property of remaining members in Saul's house, including his children of concubines, relatives and the family of his daughters.[20] Merab, Saul's oldest daughter, was with her husband, Adriel, in Meholah (1 Samuel 14:49; 18:17–19), whereas Michal, Saul's other daughter, resided with her husband, king David, in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6:16–23), so some lands in other areas may have been maintained by caretakers, including Ziba.[20] This could be how David's officials were able to trace Ziba.[20] Now David could declare that all the estate should be given to Mephibosheth as Saul's sole legitimate heir.[20]
Verse 5
editSee also
edit
- Related Bible parts: 1 Samuel 20, 1 Samuel 24, 2 Samuel 16, 2 Samuel 19
Notes
edit- ^ The whole book of 2 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[13]
- ^ Mephibosheth was 5 years old when Jonathan died (2 Samuel 4:4; c. 1009 BCE), so Mephibosheth's birth was around 1014 BCE.[15]
References
edit- ^ Halley 1965, p. 184.
- ^ Hirsch, Emil G. "SAMUEL, BOOKS OF". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ Knight 1995, p. 62.
- ^ Jones 2007, p. 197.
- ^ a b c d e f Jones 2007, p. 220.
- ^ Coogan 2007, p. 450 Hebrew Bible.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 300.
- ^ Dead sea scrolls - 2 Samuel
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
- ^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Morrison 2013, p. 120.
- ^ a b c d e f Steinmann 2017, p. 174.
- ^ a b Steinmann 2017, p. 173.
- ^ 2 Samuel 9:1 ESV
- ^ Note on 2 Samuel 9:1 in NKJV
- ^ Morrison 2013, p. 123.
- ^ a b c d Steinmann 2017, p. 175.
- ^ 2 Samuel 9:5 NKJV
Sources
editCommentaries on Samuel
edit- Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
- Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.
- Chapman, Stephen B. (2016). 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1467445160.
- Collins, John J. (2014). "Chapter 14: 1 Samuel 12 – 2 Samuel 25". Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. pp. 277–296. ISBN 978-1451469233.
- Evans, Paul (2018). Longman, Tremper (ed.). 1-2 Samuel. The Story of God Bible Commentary. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0310490944.
- Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.
- Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182.
- Morrison, Craig E. (2013). Berit Olam: 2 Samuel. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814682913.
- Steinmann, Andrew (2017). 2 Samuel. Concordia commentary: a theological exposition of sacred scripture. Concordia Publishing House. ISBN 9780758650061.
General
edit- Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
- Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195288810.
- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
- Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
- Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.
- Jones, Gwilym H. (2007). "12. 1 and 2 Samuel". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 196–232. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
- Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards (ed.). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567292896.
- McKane, William (1993). "Samuel, Book of". In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. ISBN 978-0195046458.
- Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
- Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
External links
edit- Jewish translations:
- Samuel II - II Samuel - Chapter 9 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- 2 Samuel chapter 9. Bible Gateway