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2K22 Tunguska

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The 2K22 Tunguska (Russian: 2К22 "Тунгуска") is a Soviet tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun armed with a surface-to-air gun and missile system. It is designed to provide day and night protection for infantry and tank regiments against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in all weather conditions. The NATO reporting name for the missile used by the weapon system is SA-19 "Grison".[2]

2K22 Tunguska
NATO reporting name: SA-19 Grison, SA-N-11 Grison
2K22M "Tunguska-M" Gun/Missile Air Defense System.
TypeTracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1982–present
Used bySee Operators
WarsRusso-Georgian War
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
DesignerKBP Instrument Design Bureau
Designed1970–1980
ManufacturerUlyanovsk Mechanical Factory
Unit cost$16 million [1]
Produced1976–present
Variants2K22 (Tunguska), 2K22M (Tunguska-M), 2K22M1 (Tunguska-M1)
Specifications (Tunguska-M1)
Massabout 35,000 kg (77,000 lb)
Lengthabout 7.90 m (25 ft 11 in)
Widthabout 3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
Heightabout 4 m (13 ft 1 in) or about 3.35 m (10 ft) (radar stowed)
Crew4 (vehicle commander, driver, gunner, radar operator)
Armourprotects the vehicle from 7.62 mm small arms fire and shell splinters
Main
armament
8 × 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1 or 57E6 missiles
Secondary
armament
2 × twin-barrel 30 mm 2А38M [ru] guns (1,904 rounds carried)
EngineV-46 based on the Model V-2 V12 diesel engine
the engine had 780hp, but it was limited to 710hp for this vehicle
TransmissionHydromechanical
SuspensionHydropneumatic
Ground clearance17–57 cm
Operational
range
500 km (310 mi)
Maximum speed 65 km/h (40 mph) maximum on the road

Development

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Development of the 2K22 anti-aircraft system began on 8 June 1970. At the request of the Soviet Ministry of Defense, the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula, under the guidance of the appointed Chief Designer A. G. Shipunov [ru], started work on a 30mm anti-aircraft system as a replacement for the 23mm ZSU-23-4.[3]

The project, code-named "Tunguska", was undertaken to improve on the observed shortcomings of the ZSU-23-4 (short range and no early warning) and a counter to new ground attack aircraft in development, such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II and the AH-64 Apache, which were designed to be highly resistant to 23 mm cannons.[4] Studies were conducted and demonstrated that a 30 mm cannon would require from a third to a half of the number of shells that the 23 mm cannon of the ZSU-23-4 would need to destroy a given target, and that firing at a MiG-17 (or similarly at, in case of war, NATO's Hawker Hunter or Fiat G.91) flying at 300 metres per second (670 mph), with an identical mass of 30 mm projectiles would result in a kill probability 1.5 times greater than with 23 mm projectiles. An increase in the maximum engagement altitude from 2,000 to 4,000 metres (6,600 to 13,100 ft) and increased effectiveness when engaging lightly armoured ground targets were also cited.[5]

The initial requirements set for the system were to achieve twice the performance in terms of range, altitude and combat effectiveness of the ZSU-23-4, additionally the system should have a reaction time no greater than 10 seconds.[3] Due to the similarities in the fire control of artillery and missiles, it was decided that the Tunguska would be a combined gun and missile system.[3] A combined system is more effective than the ZSU-23-4, engaging targets at long-range with missiles, and shorter range targets with guns.

In addition to KBP as the primary contractor, other members of the Soviet military-industrial complex were involved in the project; the chassis was developed at the Minsk tractor factory, the radio equipment at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory, central computer at NIEMI ("Antey"), guidance and navigational systems by VNII "Signal", and optics were developed by the Leningrad Optical Mechanical Association (LOMO).[6]

However, development was slowed between 1975 and 1977 after the introduction of the 9K33 Osa missile system, which seemed to fill the same requirement but with greater missile performance. After some considerable debate, it was felt that a purely missile-based system would not be as effective at dealing with very low flying attack helicopters attacking at short range with no warning as had been proven so successful in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Since the reaction time of a gun system is around 8–10 seconds, compared to approximately 30 seconds for a missile-based system, development was restarted.[5]

The initial designs were completed in 1973, with pilot production completed in 1976 at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory.[3] System testing and trials were conducted between September 1980 and December 1981 on the Donguzskiy range.[3] It was officially accepted into service on 8 September 1982 and the initial version, which was designated 2K22/2S6, had four missiles in the ready to fire position (two on each side) and two 2A38 autocannons. The Tunguska entered into limited service from 1984, when the first batteries were delivered to the army.[3]

After a limited production run of the original 2K22, an improved version designated 2K22M/2S6M entered service in 1990.[3] The 2K22M featured several improvements with eight ready-to-fire missiles (four on each side) as well as modifications to the fire control programs, missiles and the general reliability of the system, and improved autocannons, 2A38M.

Tunguska underwent further improvement when, in 2003, the Russian armed forces accepted the Tunguska-M1 or 2K22M1 into service.[3] The M1 introduced the new 9M311-M1 missile, which made a number of changes allowing the 2K22M1 to engage small targets like cruise missiles by replacing the eight-beam laser proximity fuze with a radio fuse. An additional modification afforded greater resistance to infrared countermeasures by replacing the missile tracking flare with a pulsed IR beacon. Other improvements included an increased missile range from 8 to 10 kilometres (5.0 to 6.2 mi), improved optical tracking and accuracy, improved fire control co-ordination between components of a battery and the command post. Overall, the Tunguska-M1 has a combat efficiency 1.3–1.5 times greater than the Tunguska-M.[7]

Description

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The GRAU index lists the "Tunguska" system as 2K22.[3] A complete system or battery consists of six 2S6 combat vehicles armed with the 9M311 "Treugol'nik" (triangle) surface-to-air missile and two 2A38 30 mm cannons. These are accompanied by up to three 2F77 transloader trucks. The 2K22 is also associated with a variety of support facilities including the 2F55, 1R10 and 2V110 repair and maintenance vehicles, the MTO-AGZ workshop and the 9V921 test vehicle and others.[8] These facilities provide maintenance for the 2K22 battery in the field as well as scheduled overhauls. Each system can attack six targets simultaneously (1 for each machine 2S6) limited to a ceiling of 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) and an elevation of −10° to 87°.[9][10]

 
Tunguska at 2008 Moscow Victory Parade

The 2S6 combat vehicle uses the GM-352 and later GM-352M chassis developed and produced by the Minsk Tractor Plant (MTZ) which has six road wheels with hydropneumatic suspension on each side, a drive sprocket at the rear and three return rollers. An NBC system is also integrated into the chassis, which is armored to protect it from small arms fire.[9][11] an automatic gear change and diagnostic capability are available with latest Tunguska-M1 which uses the new GM-5975 chassis developed and produced by MMZ. GM-5975.25 has a cruising range of 500 kilometres (310 mi) and a maximum speed of 65 km/h (40 mph). It can function in ambient temperatures of −50 to 50 °C (−58 to 122 °F) and up to an altitude of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). It has an ability of climb hills with up to a 35° slope.[12][13] Overall, the layout is similar to the previous ZSU-23-4 with a large central 360-degree rotating turret (designated the 2A40) containing the armament, sensors and three of the crew: the commander, gunner and radar operator. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, with a gas turbine APU to his right and the multi-fuel diesel engine in the rear of the hull.[citation needed]

An electromechanically scanned parabolic E-band (10 kW power) target acquisition radar is mounted on the rear top of the turret that when combined with the turret front mounted J-band (150 kW power) monopulse tracking radar forms the 1RL144 (NATO:Hot Shot) pulse-Doppler 3D radar[14] system, which can detect and track targets flying as high as 3,500 metres (11,500 ft). Alongside the 1A26 digital computer and the 1G30 angle measurement system form the 1A27 radar complex. Tunguska-M has the 1RL144M radar with detection range 18 kilometres (11 mi) and tracking range 16 kilometres (9.9 mi). The mechanically scanned target acquisition radar for the Tunguska-M1 offers a 360° field of view, a detection range of around 18 kilometres (11 mi) and can detect targets flying as low as 15 metres (49 ft). Its tracking radar has a range of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi). A C/D-band IFF system is also fitted and designated 1RL138.[15][16] The radar system is highly protected against various types of interference, and can work if there are mountains on the horizon, regardless of the background. The system is able to fire on the move using 30 mm cannons, although it must be stationary to fire missiles. The maximum target speed can be up to 500 metres per second (1,100 mph).[17]

Standard equipment of the 2S6 and 2S6M includes a computerized fire control system, heating, ventilation, NBC system, an automatic fire detection and suppression system, navigational equipment, night vision aids, 1V116 intercom, external communications system with an R-173 receiver -modernized in the 2S6M for better communication with the command post- and monitoring equipment.[18] The vehicle also has protection against the effects of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.[10]

A battery of six Tunguska can automatically receive fire control information via an encrypted radio link, this allows targets to be distributed between individual units from a Ranzhir or PPRU battery command post, which can receive target information from either AWACS or early warning radar or in the case of the PPRU its own radar equipment.[7]

Variants

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A 2K22 Tunguska of the Ukrainian 30th Mechanized Brigade camouflaged with tree branches during the Battle of Bakhmut, 3 December 2022

2K22

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Original system, with 9M311, 9M311K (3M87) or 9M311-1 missiles with a range of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). Some of these early versions of the "Tunguska" system were known as "Treugol'nik" (Russian Треугольник—triangle). This system is mounted on the 2S6 integrated air defense vehicle.

2K22M (1990)

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Main production system, with 9M311M (3M88) missiles and 2A38M autocannons. This integrated air defense vehicle 2S6M is based on the GM-352M chassis. 2F77M transporter-loader. 2F55-1, 1R10-1 and 2V110-1 repair and maintenance vehicles.

2K22M1 (2003)

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Improved version with the 2S6M1 combat vehicle on a GM-5975 chassis, using the 9M311-M1 missile (range: 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)) and with an improved fire control system. Passed state trials and entered service with the Russian armed forces on 31 July 2003.[19]

Guns

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The dual 2А38 [ru] 30 mm cannons (as well as the later 2A38M) were designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau and manufactured by the Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company. The Tunguska typically carries 1,904 rounds with mixtures of APDS, AP-T, APDS Frag-T, HE-I, and API.[20] The cannons are fired alternatively with a combined rate of fire of between 3,900 and 5,000 rounds per minute (1,950 to 2,500 rpm for each gun), which gives a continuous fire time of 23–30 seconds before running out of ammunition, and have a muzzle velocity of 960 metres per second (2,100 mph).[21] Bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds are fired as determined by the target type, with an engagement range between 0.2 to 4.0 kilometres (0.12 to 2.49 mi). HE-T and HE-I shells are used and fitted with an A-670 time and impact fuze which includes an arming delay and self destruct mechanism.[8] The 2K22 can fire its cannons in two primary modes of operation, radar and optical. In radar mode, the target tracking is fully automatic, with the guns aimed using data from the radar. In optical mode, the gunner tracks the target through the 1A29 stabilized sight, with the radar providing range data.[22][23]

Missiles

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9M311
TypeSurface-to-air missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1982–present
Used byBelarus, India, Morocco, Syria, Russia, former Soviet Union, Ukraine
Production history
DesignerKBP Instrument Design Bureau
Designed1970–1980
Produced1976–present
Variants9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1, 57E6
Specifications (9M311)
Mass57 kilograms (126 lb)
Length2,560 millimetres (8.40 ft)
WarheadContinuous-rod and steel cubes
Warhead weight9 kilograms (20 lb)
Detonation
mechanism
Laser fuze (Radio fuze for 9M311-M1)
PropellantSolid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
8 to 10 kilometres (5.0 to 6.2 mi) 9M311-M1)
Flight ceiling3,500 metres (11,500 ft)
Boost time2 stages: boost to 900 metres per second (2,000 mph), then sustained 600 metres per second (1,300 mph) stage to range
Maximum speed 900 metres per second (2,000 mph) maximum
Guidance
system
Radio Command guidance
Steering
system
rocket motor with four steerable control surfaces
Accuracy5 metres (16 ft)
Launch
platform
2S6 combat vehicle
Transport2F77 transloader
 
Illustration of the 9M311

The system uses the same 9M311 (NATO: SA-19/SA-N-11) missile family as the naval CIWS Kashtan which can engage targets at a range of 1.5 to 8 kilometres (0.93 to 4.97 mi) and to an altitude of 5 to 3,500 metres (16 to 11,483 ft)[5] the Tunguska-M1 uses the improved 9M311-M1 missile with an increased range of 2.5 to 10 kilometres (1.6 to 6.2 mi) and an altitude of 15 to 3,500 metres (49 to 11,483 ft). The missile has two stages, a large booster stage with four folding fins, which boosts the missile to a velocity of 900 metres per second (2,000 mph).[24] The second stage has four fixed fins, and four steerable control surfaces. The complete missile is around 2.56 metres (8.4 ft) long and a mass of 57 kilograms (126 lb).[5]

Guidance is performed by the target tracking radar, it constantly relays target range, elevation and bearing to the fire-control computer, and on the basis of this data the computer generates the laying commands for the guns or the trajectory corrections for the missiles. A back-up tracking method can be used by the gunner, who uses the stabilized sight of the Tunguska to track the target in elevation and azimuth.[25] The gunner is initially cued towards the target by the system's search radar. Once the missile is steered to within 5 metres (16 ft) of the target, an active laser or radio fuse (9M311-M1) is triggered. A contact fuse is also fitted. The warhead weighs about 9 kilograms (20 lb), and is a continuous-rod system, consisting of 600 millimetres (24 in) long, 6 to 9 millimetres (0.24 to 0.35 in) diameter rods, which break into fragments weighing 2–3 grams (0.071–0.106 oz). The rods form a complete ring about 5 metres (16 ft) from the missile.[5]

Missile variants

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  • 9M311: Original missile, laser proximity fuze, range 8 kilometres (5.0 mi).
  • 9M311K (3M87): Naval version of the 9M311 used by the Kortik system. Export version of Kashtan uses the 9M311-1E missile.
  • 9M311-1: Export version of the missile.
  • 9M311M (3M88): Improved version of the missile.
  • 9M311-M1: Used with the Tunguska-M1 radar proximity fuse for improved capability against cruise missiles. Pulsed tracking light instead of constant flare for better resistance to infrared countermeasures. Range improved to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi).

Similar systems

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  • FK-1000: 9M311 missiles were first exported to China in 2005,[26] and at the 9th Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012, a suspected Chinese derivative of 2K22 Tunguska designated as FK-1000 (similar to this system is Sky Dragon 12, SD-12, Tianlong 12 on an 8-wheel chassis, only rockets)[citation needed] was revealed to public.[27] The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASIC) developed FK-1000, differs from 2K22 Tunguska in that FK-1000 is mounted on an 8 × 8 truck, and the 30 mm guns of Tunguska are replaced by 25 mm autocannons. The radars of FK-1000 are arranged in exactly the same way as in the 2K22 Tunguska, but mechanically scanned surveillance and tracking radars of Tunguska are both replaced by a phased array radars in FK-1000. A total of 12 missiles are mounted on the sides of weapons station, with 6 on each side, in the form of 2 rows of 3 containers/launchers each. The missile of FK-1000 is designated as KS-1000, which is also surprisingly similar to 9M311,[28] and this has led many in the west to claim that FK-1000 system is derived from 2K22 Tunguska, but with cheaper price tag than the latest Russian system: in comparison to the 15 million dollars of Pantsir-S1 (SA-22), FK-1000 system is priced at 5 million dollars.[29]

Combat history

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Variants of the 2K22 system have continued to serve in the Soviet and later Russian armed forces since their initial introduction in 1984. The 2K22 has also been inducted into the armed forces of a number of foreign states, most notably India. The 2K22 has been used in the 2008 South Ossetia war by Russian armed forces.

The 2K22 has been used in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by Ukrainian and Russian forces.[30][31] In June 2023, Ukraine ordered the repair, refurbishment, and spare parts through the International Fund for Ukraine.[32]

Operators

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Operators
  Current
  Former
 
2S6 Ukrainian Army

Current operators

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  •   Belarus: Unknown number of 2S6 in active service as of 2024[33]
  •   India: Up to 80 2S6 in service as of 2024.[33] SIPRI reports at least 66 2S6 received between 1997-2009.[34]
  •   Morocco: 12 2S6М in service as of 2024.[33]
  •   Myanmar: 38 2S6 acquired from Russia between 2004 and 2007.[33][34]
  •   Russia: At least 240 2S6 as of 2024, according to Military Balance 2024[33]. 21 Tunguska-M1s were delivered in 2012–2017.[35]
  •   Ukraine: 75 2S6 according to Military Balance 2024.[33] At least two have been captured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War as of 11 Nov 2024.[36]

Former operators

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Comparable systems

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References

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  1. ^ "ЗTunguska-M". Deagel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  2. ^ "2S6 Tunguska". Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i ЗПРК "Тунгуска-М1" ведет бой по своим правилам. Военно-промышленный курьер (in Russian). ВПК-Медиа. 2008. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  4. ^ Guardia 2015, p. 39.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 "Тунгуска" (SA-19 Grison)". Вестника ПВО (in Russian). 3 October 2000. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
  6. ^ "Tunguska". Encyclopedia Astronautica. 2007-11-18. Archived from the original on 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  7. ^ a b "SA-19 Grison / Tunguska". Warfare.ru. Archived from the original on 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  8. ^ a b Russia's Arms 2001–2002. Moscow: Military Parade Ltd. 2001. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010.
  9. ^ a b "Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 Тунгуска". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  10. ^ a b "ЗПРК 2К22 "Тунгуска" (СССР/Россия)". Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  11. ^ "2S6 Tunguska 30-mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun/Missile System". Military-Today.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  12. ^ "Гусеничная машина ГМ 5975.25 (Тунгуска)". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  13. ^ "GM-5975 Specifications". MetroWagonMash. 2006-08-11. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  14. ^ "Hot Shot [RLM SOC] Acquisition". Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
  15. ^ "2S6M Anti-Aircraft Artillery". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  16. ^ Adamy, David L. (1 February 2015). EW 104: Electronic Warfare Against a New Generation of Threats. Artech House. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-60807-870-7.
  17. ^ Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 "Тунгуска". New-Factoria.ru (in Russian). Балтийского Государственного Технического Университета "ВОЕНМЕХ". 2000. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  18. ^ "2S6 2S6M 2K22 2K22M Tunguska Tunguska-M self-propelled air defense cannon missile data sheet picture – Army Recognition – Army Recognition". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  19. ^ [1] Archived June 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Worldwide Equipment Guide – Volume 2: Airspace and Air Defense Systems" (PDF). United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. December 2011. p. 6-58 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
  21. ^ "30 mm 2A38M Automatic Anti-Aircraft Gun". KBP Instrument Design Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  22. ^ Guardia 2015, p. 27.
  23. ^ "Зенитный пушечно- ракетный комплекс "Тунгуска-М"". structure.mil.ru. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  24. ^ Peter Goon (12 May 2008). "Russian/PLA Point Defense". Air Power Australia. p. 1. Archived from the original on 15 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  25. ^ Putreé, Michael, ed. (2004). International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook. Artech House. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-58053-898-5. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  26. ^ "9M311 sold to China in 1005". Deccan Herald. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  27. ^ "FK-1000 SAM". Archived from the original on 2012-11-20. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  28. ^ "KS-1000 missile". Archived from the original on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2014-09-02.
  29. ^ "Air Defense: China Does It Cheaper Again". strategypage.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  30. ^ Mittal, Vikram. "Ukraine Is Neutralizing Russian Air Defense Systems Ahead Of The Counteroffensive". Forbes. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  31. ^ Swierkowski, Adam (16 October 2022). "Ukraińska Tunguska w akcji". defence24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  32. ^ "UK will provide Ukraine with air defense package". Militarnyi. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  33. ^ a b c d e f International Institute for Strategic Studies (2024). The Military Balance 2024. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-05115-3.
  34. ^ a b "Trade Register 1990–2019". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  35. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Валерий Герасимов: за пятилетний период принято на вооружение более 300 новых образцов ВиВТ". Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  36. ^ "WarSpotting Visually Confirmed Loss Database, accessed 11 Nov 2024".

Bibliography

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