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The 22nd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1831, to March 4, 1833, during the third and fourth years of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1820 United States census. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority.
| 22nd United States Congress | |
|---|---|
21st ← → 23rd | |
 United States Capitol (1827) | |
March 4, 1831 – March 4, 1833 | |
| Members | 48 senators 213 representatives 3 non-voting delegates |
| Senate majority | Jacksonian (usually a plurality, otherwise a VP-tie-breaking majority) |
| Senate President | John C. Calhoun (J) (until December 28, 1832) Vacant (from December 28, 1832) |
| House majority | Jacksonian |
| House Speaker | Andrew Stevenson (J) |
| Sessions | |
| 1st: December 5, 1831 – July 16, 1832 2nd: December 3, 1832 – March 2, 1833 | |
Major events
edit- December 28, 1832: Vice President John C. Calhoun resigned. The first Vice President of the United States to do so.
- Nullification Crisis
Major legislation
edit- July 14, 1832: Tariff of 1832, ch. 227, 4 Stat. 583
- March 2, 1833: Tariff of 1833 (Compromise Tariff), ch. 55, 4 Stat. 629
- March 2, 1833: Force Bill, ch. 57, 4 Stat. 632
Party summary
editThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
Senate
edit
|
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Republican (NR) |
Jacksonian (J) | Nullifier (N) |
|||
| End of previous congress | 22 | 25 | 0 | 47 | 1 |
| Begin | 20 | 24 | 2 | 46 | 2 |
| End | 22 | 1 | 47 | 1 | |
| Final voting share | 46.8% | 51.1% | 2.1% | ||
| Beginning of next congress | 25 | 20 | 1 | 46 | 2 |
House of Representatives
edit
|
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Republican (NR) |
Anti- Masonic (AM) | Jacksonian (J) | Nullifier (N) |
|||
| End of previous congress | 72 | 6 | 134 | 0 | 212 | 1 |
| Begin | 65 | 16 | 127 | 4 | 212 | 1 |
| End | 63 | 17 | 128 | |||
| Final voting share | 29.7% | 8.0% | 60.4% | 1.9% | ||
| Beginning of next congress | 62 | 25 | 144 | 9 | 240 | 0 |
Leadership
edit
John C. Calhoun
Senate
edit- President: John C. Calhoun (J), resigned December 28, 1832; thereafter vacant.
- President pro tempore: Samuel Smith (J), first elected December 5, 1831
- Littleton W. Tazewell (J), elected July 9, 1832
- Hugh Lawson White (J), elected December 3, 1832
House of Representatives
edit- Speaker: Andrew Stevenson (J)
Members
editThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.
Senate
editSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1832; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1834; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 1836.
|
|
 2 Jacksonians 1 Jacksonian and 1 Anti-Jacksonian 2 Anti-Jacksonians 2 Nullifiers |
 Samuel Smith  Hugh Lawson White
|
House of Representatives
editThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
editThese counts reflect changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
edit- Replacements: 7
- Jacksonians: no net change
- National Republicans: no net change
- Nullifiers: no net change
- Deaths: 0
- Resignations: 7
- Interim appointments: 1
- Total seats with changes: 9
| State (class) |
Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indiana (1) |
Vacant | James Noble had died February 26, 1831, in the previous Congress. Successor appointed August 19, 1831. |
Robert Hanna (NR) | Installed August 19, 1831 |
| Kentucky (3) |
Vacant | Legislature elected late November 10, 1831. | Henry Clay (NR) | Installed November 10, 1831 |
| Louisiana (2) |
Edward Livingston (J) | Resigned May 24, 1831, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of State. Successor elected November 15, 1831. |
George A. Waggaman (NR) | Installed November 15, 1831 |
| Pennsylvania (1) |
Isaac D. Barnard (J) | Resigned December 6, 1831, due to ill health. Successor elected December 13, 1831. |
George M. Dallas (J) | Installed December 13, 1831 |
| Indiana (1) |
Robert Hanna (NR) | Appointee retired when elected successor qualified. Successor elected January 3, 1832. |
John Tipton (J) | Installed January 3, 1832 |
| Mississippi (1) |
Powhatan Ellis (J) | Resigned July 16, 1832, after being appointed U.S. District Judge. Successor appointed November 12, 1832, to finish the term. |
John Black (J) | Installed November 12, 1832 |
| Virginia (2) |
Littleton Waller Tazewell (J) | Resigned July 16, 1832. Successor elected December 10, 1832. |
William C. Rives (J) | Installed December 10, 1832 |
| South Carolina (2) |
Robert Y. Hayne (N) | Resigned December 13, 1832, to become Governor of South Carolina. Successor elected December 29, 1832. |
John C. Calhoun (N) | Installed December 29, 1832 |
| New York (3) |
William L. Marcy (J) | Resigned January 1, 1833, after becoming Governor of New York. Successor elected January 14, 1833. |
Silas Wright (J) | Installed January 4, 1833 |
| South Carolina (3) |
Stephen D. Miller (N) | Resigned March 2, 1833, due to ill health. | Vacant | Not filled this term |
House of Representatives
edit- Replacements: 9
- Jacksonians: 1-seat net gain
- National Republicans: 2-seat net loss
- Anti-Masonics: 1-seat net gain
- Deaths: 8
- Resignations: 2
- Contested election: 0
- Total seats with changes: 11
| District | Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Carolina 2nd | Vacant | Vacancy in term | John Branch (J) | Seated May 12, 1831 |
| Georgia at-large | Wilson Lumpkin (J) | Resigned some time in 1831 before the convening of Congress | Augustin S. Clayton (J) | Seated January 21, 1832 |
| Vermont 2nd | Rollin C. Mallary (NR) | Died April 15, 1831 | William Slade (AM) | Seated November 1, 1831 |
| Missouri at-large | Spencer D. Pettis (NR) | Died August 28, 1831 | William H. Ashley (NR) | Seated October 31, 1831 |
| Pennsylvania 11th | William Ramsey (J) | Died September 29, 1831 | Robert McCoy (J) | Seated November 22, 1831 |
| North Carolina 6th | Robert Potter (J) | Resigned November ????, 1831 | Micajah T. Hawkins (J) | Seated December 15, 1831 |
| Vermont 1st | Jonathan Hunt (NR) | Died May 15, 1832. A special election was held and a new member elected January 1, 1833 on the fourth ballot. |
Hiland Hall (NR) | Seated January 21, 1833 |
| Virginia 22nd | Charles C. Johnston (J) | Died June 17, 1832 | Joseph Draper (J) | Seated December 6, 1832 |
| Maryland 6th | George E. Mitchell (J) | Died June 28, 1832 | Charles S. Sewall (J) | Seated October 1, 1832 |
| Virginia 18th | Philip Doddridge (NR) | Died November 19, 1832 | Joseph Johnson (J) | Seated January 21, 1833 |
| New York 1st | James Lent (J) | Died February 22, 1833 | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Committees
editLists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
edit- Accounts of James Monroe (Select)
- Agriculture (Chairman: Horatio Seymour)
- Amending the Constitution on the Election of the President and Vice President (Select)
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Nehemiah Knight)
- Claims (Chairman: Benjamin Ruggles)
- Commerce (Chairman: John Forsyth then William R. King)
- Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: Ezekiel F. Chambers)
- Dueling (Select)
- Engrossed Bills (Chairman: John M. Robinson then Asher Robbins)
- Finance (Chairman: Samuel Smith then John Forsyth)
- Foreign Relations (Chairman: Littleton Tazewell then John Forsyth)
- French Spoilations (Select)
- Impeachment of James H. Peck (Select)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: Hugh Lawson White then George M. Troup)
- Judiciary (Chairman: William L. Marcy then William Wilkins)
- Manufactures (Chairman: Mahlon Dickerson)
- Memorial of the Manufacturers Iron (Select)
- Mileage of Members of Congress (Select)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Hart Benton)
- Militia (Chairman: Isaac Barnard)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: Robert Y. Hayne)
- Nomination of Amos Kendall (Select)
- Pensions (Chairman: Samuel A. Foot)
- Post Office Department (Select)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: George M. Bibb)
- Private Land Claims (Chairman: Elias Kane)
- Public Lands (Chairman: William R. King then Elias Kane)
- Roads and Canals (Select) (Chairman: William Hendricks)
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Whole
House of Representatives
edit- Accounts (Chairman: N/A)
- Agriculture (Chairman: Erastus Root)
- American Colonization Society (Select)
- Claims (Chairman: N/A)
- Commerce (Chairman: N/A)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: N/A)
- Elections (Chairman: N/A)
- Establishing an Assay Office in the Gold Region (Select)
- Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: N/A)
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: N/A)
- Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: N/A)
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: N/A)
- Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: N/A)
- Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: N/A)
- Foreign Affairs (Chairman: William S. Archer)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: N/A)
- Judiciary (Chairman: Warren R. Davis then John Bell)
- Manufactures (Chairman: Michael Hoffman)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: N/A)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: N/A)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Richard M. Johnson then Henry W. Connor)
- Public Expenditures (Chairman: N/A)
- Public Lands (Chairman: Charles A. Wickliffe)
- Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: N/A)
- Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: N/A)
- Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: N/A)
- Rules (Select)
- Standards of Official Conduct (Chairman: N/A)
- Territories (Chairman: N/A)
- Ways and Means (Chairman: George McDuffie then Gulian C. Verplanck)
- Whole
Joint committees
editEmployees
editSenate
edit- Chaplain: Henry V. Johns (Episcopal), until December 19, 1831
- John P. Durbin (Methodist), elected December 19, 1831
- Charles C. Pise (Roman Catholic), elected December 11, 1832
- Secretary: Walter Lowrie
- Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly
House of Representatives
edit- Chaplain: Ralph R. Gurley (Presbyterian), until December 13, 1831
- Reuben Post (Presbyterian) elected December 13, 1831
- William Hammett (Presbyterian), elected December 12, 1832
- Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
- Doorkeeper: Overton Carr, elected December 5, 1831
- Reading Clerks: [data missing]
- Sergeant at Arms: John O. Dunn
See also
edit- 1830 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
- 1832 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
Notes
editReferences
edit- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
edit- Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
- Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: House History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
- Congressional Directory of the 22nd Congress, 2nd Session.