2-NBDG is a fluorescent tracer used for monitoring glucose uptake into living cells; it consists of a glucosamine molecule substituted with a 7-nitrobenzofurazan fluorophore at its amine group. It is widely referred to a fluorescent derivative of glucose,[1] and it is used in cell biology to visualize uptake of glucose by cells.[2] Cells that have taken up the compound fluoresce green.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
2-(7-Nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-D-glucosamine
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| Systematic IUPAC name
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanal | |
| Other names
2-NBD Glucose
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C12H14N4O8 | |
| Molar mass | 342.2646 g/mol |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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2-NBDG is similar to radiolabeled glucose in that both can be used to detect glucose transport. Unlike radiolabeled glucose, 2-NBDG is compatible with fluorescence techniques such as a fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorimetry.[2]
The compound is taken up by a variety of mammalian, plant, and microbial cells[2][3][4] In bacterial cells, the predominant transporter is the mannose phosphotransferase system.[4] Cells that lack these or other compatible transporters do not take up 2-NBDG.[4][5] In mammalian cells, one transporter for 2-NBDG is GLUT2.[6] In T cells, 2-NBDG was transported by another, unidentified transporter and it did not match radiolabeled glucose transport.[7]
Like glucose, 2-NBDG is transported according to Michaelis–Menten kinetics. However, transport of 2-NBDG has a lower Vmax (maximum rate), and thus the rate of transport is generally slower than glucose.[4]
Once taken up, the compound is metabolized to a non-fluorescent derivative, as shown in Escherichia coli.[8] The identity and further metabolism of this non-fluorescent derivative has not been established.
References
edit- ^ Yoshioka K, Takahashi H, Homma T, Saito M, Oh K, Nemoto Y, Matsuoka H (1996). "A novel fluorescent derivative of glucose applicable to the assessment of glucose uptake activity of Escherichia coli". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1289 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(95)00153-0. PMID 8605231.
- ^ a b c Yamada K, Saito M, Matsuoka H, Inagaki N (2007). "A real-time method of imaging glucose uptake in single, living mammalian cells". Nat Protoc. 2 (3): 753–62. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.76. PMID 17406637. S2CID 22801727.
- ^ Etxeberria E, González P, Tomlinson P, Pozueta-Romero J (2005). "Existence of two parallel mechanisms for glucose uptake in heterotrophic plant cells". J. Exp. Bot. 56 (417): 1905–12. doi:10.1093/jxb/eri185. PMID 15911561.
- ^ a b c d Tao J, Diaz RK, Teixeira CR, Hackmann TJ (2016). "Transport of a Fluorescent Analogue of Glucose (2-NBDG) versus Radiolabeled Sugars by Rumen Bacteria and Escherichia coli". Biochemistry. 55 (18): 2578–89. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01286. PMID 27096355.
- ^ Chang HC, Yang SF, Huang CC, Lin TS, Liang PH, Lin CJ, Hsu LC (2013). "Development of a novel non-radioactive cell-based method for the screening of SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors using 1-NBDG". Mol Biosyst. 9 (8): 2010–20. doi:10.1039/c3mb70060g. PMID 23657801.
- ^ Yamada K, Nakata M, Horimoto N, Saito M, Matsuoka H, Inagaki N (2000). "Measurement of glucose uptake and intracellular calcium concentration in single, living pancreatic beta-cells". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (29): 22278–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M908048199. PMID 10748091.
- ^ Sinclair LV, Barthelemy C, Cantrell DA (2020). "Single Cell Glucose Uptake Assays: A Cautionary Tale". Immunometabolism. 2 (4): e200029. doi:10.20900/immunometab20200029. PMC 7116014. PMID 32879737.
- ^ Yoshioka K, Saito M, Oh KB, Nemoto Y, Matsuoka H, Natsume M, Abe H (1996). "Intracellular fate of 2-NBDG, a fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity, in Escherichia coli cells". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60 (11): 1899–901. doi:10.1271/bbb.60.1899. PMID 8987871.