The 1976 Tiananmen incident or the April 5 Tiananmen incident (Chinese: 四五天安门事件) was a mass gathering and protest that took place on April 4–5, 1976, at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The incident occurred on the traditional day of mourning, the Qingming Festival, after the Nanjing incident, and was triggered by the death of Premier Zhou Enlai earlier that year. Some people strongly disapproved of the removal of the displays of mourning, and began gathering in the Square to protest against the central authorities, then largely under the auspices of the Gang of Four, who ordered the Square to be cleared.
| 1976 Tiananmen incident | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Cultural Revolution | |||
 Crowds of mourners gathering in Tiananmen Square on April 5, 1976 | |||
| Date | April 4–5, 1976 (2 days) | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by | Death of Zhou Enlai Discontent with the Cultural Revolution | ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
No centralized leadership | |||
| Number | |||
| |||
| Casualties | |||
| Death(s) | Unknown | ||
| Arrested | 40 | ||
| 1976 Tiananmen incident | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 四五天安门事件 | ||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 四五天安門事件 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | 5 April Tian'anmen incident | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
The event was labeled "counterrevolutionary" immediately after its occurrence by the Communist Party's Central Committee and served as a gateway to the dismissal and house arrest of then–Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, who was accused of planning the event, while he insisted that he was nearby only for a haircut.[1] The Central Committee's decision on the event was reversed after the Cultural Revolution ended, as it would later be officially hailed as a display of patriotism.
Origins
editThe death of Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, a widely respected senior Chinese leader, on January 8, 1976, prompted the incident. For several years before his death, Zhou was involved in a political power struggle against other senior leaders in the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, with Zhou's most visible and powerful antagonists being the four senior members who came to be called the Gang of Four.[2] The leader of the clique, Jiang Qing, was the wife of Communist Party Chairman, Mao Zedong. To defuse an expected popular outpouring of sentiment at Zhou's death, the Chinese Communist Party limited the period of public mourning.[citation needed]
On April 4, 1976, on the eve of China's annual Qingming Festival, in which Chinese traditionally pay homage to their deceased ancestors, thousands gathered around the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square to commemorate the life and death of Zhou Enlai by laying wreaths, banners, poems, placards, and flowers at the foot of the Monument.[3] The most obvious purpose of this memorial was to eulogize Zhou, but Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, and Yao Wenyuan were also attacked for their alleged evil actions against the Premier.[4] A small number of slogans left at Tiananmen even attacked Mao himself, and his Cultural Revolution.[5]
Up to two million people may have visited Tiananmen Square on April 4.[5][page needed] First-hand observations of the events in Tiananmen Square on April 4 report that all levels of society, from the poorest peasants to high-ranking PLA officers and the children of high-ranking cadres, were represented in the activities. Those who participated were motivated by a mixture of anger over the treatment of Zhou, revolt against Mao and his policies, apprehension for China's future, and defiance of those who would seek to punish the public for commemorating Zhou's memory.[4] There is nothing to suggest that events were coordinated from any position of leadership: it was a spontaneous demonstration reflecting widespread public sentiment. Deng Xiaoping was notably absent, and he instructed his children to avoid being seen at the square.[5][page needed]
Incident
editOn the night of April 4, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party held a meeting to discuss the situation in Tiananmen Square. Party elders such as Hua Guofeng and Wu De, who were not close allies of the Gang of Four, expressed criticism at the protesters and some of their slogans which were critical of the Gang of Four and party leadership. Meanwhile, the Gang of Four seemed to have been alarmed by the personal attacks at the event, and began to use their controlled newspapers to accuse Deng Xiaoping of encouraging and controlling the protesters.[6] They consulted with the sickly Mao Zedong, claiming these people to be "capitalist roaders" who were hitting back at the Proletarian Revolution.[citation needed]
Government action began on the morning of April 5, when the People's Liberation Army began removing articles of mourning from Tiananmen. On the morning of April 5, crowds gathering around the memorial arrived to discover that it had been completely removed by the police during the night, angering them. Attempts to suppress the mourners led to a violent riot, in which police cars were set on fire and a crowd of over 100,000 people forced its way into several government buildings surrounding the square.[5][page needed]
In response, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party made the decision to forcibly clear Tiananmen Square of mourners.[7] Security forces under the PLA's Beijing detachment, alongside urban militia under the control of the Gang of Four, went into the Square to forcefully clear the area.[7] The militia were reported to have been carrying wooden clubs and leather belts.[7] Approximately 40 arrests occurred with no casualties, and by the morning of April 6, all articles of mourning had been removed.[7]
By 6:00 pm, most of the crowd had dispersed, but a small group remained until 10:00 pm, when a security force entered Tiananmen Square and arrested them.[citation needed] Many of those arrested were later sentenced to "people's trial" at Peking University, or were sentenced to prison work camps.[citation needed] Incidents similar to those which occurred in Beijing on April 4–5 occurred in Zhengzhou, Kunming, Taiyuan, Changchun, Shanghai, Wuhan, and Guangzhou.[citation needed] Possibly because of his close association with Zhou, Deng Xiaoping was formally stripped of all positions "inside and outside the Party" on April 7.[citation needed]
Legacy
editAfter Mao's death, Hua and Wang Dongxing played an important role in arresting the Gang of Four in October 1976. They subsequently expressed their opinion that the Tiananmen incident was not a counter-revolutionary activity. Along with other party elders, they rehabilitated Deng and brought him back to Beijing. Nonetheless, Deng and his reformist allies subsequently became involved in a power struggle against Hua and Wang, who were more traditionally minded Maoists. Deng emerged as China's Paramount Leader in 1978.[8]
Many of the 1976 demonstrators had written poems in memory of Zhou Enlai and as an expression of political opposition to the political situation in China.[9] Poetry created during the incident was later published in four unofficial editions by students from Beijing's Number Two Foreign Language Institute, a school with close ties to Deng Xiaoping.[10]
In December 1978, at the Third Plenum of the CCP Eleventh Central Committee, the Chinese Communist Party reassessed its position on the Tiananmen incident of 1976 and declared it a "revolutionary event", a complete rebuttal of the previous position put forward by the Party.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Teiwes, Frederick C.; Sun, Warren (2007). The end of the Maoist era : Chinese politics during the twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972–1976. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 490. ISBN 978-0765621993. OCLC 568038301.
- ^ Bonavia, David. China's Warlords. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. p. 24. ISBN 0195861795
- ^ 寒山碧原著，伊藤潔縮譯，唐建宇、李明翻譯 (January 1993). 《鄧小平傳》. 香港: 東西文化事業公司.
- ^ a b Wong, J. (1995). Red China Blues. New York. Doubleday/Anchor Books. 406 pages. pp. 165–171. ISBN 0385476795
- ^ a b c d Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1999. ISBN 0393973514. [page needed]
- ^ Cheng, Nien, (1996). Life and Death in Shanghai. New York. Penguin Books. 543 pages. pp. 470–471. ISBN 014010870X
- ^ a b c d Teiwes, Frederick C. and Warren Sun, "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era," Pacific Affairs Vol: 77 Issue: 2 (2004) pp. 211–235.
- ^ "中国改革开放40再出发" [Starting Again from China's Reform and Opening Up in the 40th Anniversary]. 中国改革开放40再出发. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
1978年后，邓小平成为中共最高领导人，引导中国走上改革开放道路，被称为"中国改革开放的总设计师"。
- ^ Lattimore, David (April 12, 1981). "Politics an Poems". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
- ^ Kraus, Richard Curt (1991). Brushes with Power: Modern Politics and the Chinese Art of Calligraphy. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 132–135. ISBN 978-0520072855. Archived from the original on October 15, 2002. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
- ^ Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Scarecrow Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0810864917. Retrieved November 12, 2019.