U.S. Figure Skating Championships
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The U.S. Figure Skating Championships are held annually to crown the national champions of the United States. Skaters compete in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance at the senior and junior levels. The event is organized by U.S. Figure Skating, the sport's national governing body. Pewter medals have been awarded to the fourth-place finishers in each event since 1988. The competition's results are among the criteria used to determine the American teams to the World Championships, World Junior Championships, Four Continents Championships, and Winter Olympics.[1]
U.S. Figure Skating Championships | |
---|---|
Type: | National championships |
Location: | United States |
Host: | U.S. Figure Skating |
Previous: 2024 U.S. Championships | |
Next: 2025 U.S. Championships |
Qualifying
editQualification for the U.S. Championships begins at one of nine regional competitions. The regions are New England, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Upper Great Lakes, Eastern Great Lakes, Southwestern, Northwest Pacific, Central Pacific, and Southwest Pacific. The top four finishers in each regional advance to one of three sectional competitions (Eastern, Midwestern, and Pacific Coast). Skaters who place in the top four at sectionals advance to the U.S. Championships.
Skaters can also receive byes to the competition. Skaters can earn the right at the U.S. Championships without qualifying through a sectional championship by:[2]
- placing first through fifth in each discipline at the previous U.S. Championships at the senior level
- winning a medal at the previous World Championships (e.g., the 2009 World Championships were the previous World Championships for the 2010 U.S. Championships)
- winning a medal at the previous Olympic Winter Games (e.g., the 2006 Winter Olympics were the previous Olympic Games for the 2010 U.S. Championships)
- qualifying for the Junior or the Senior Grand Prix Final.
Skaters may also receive byes through a qualifying competition if they compete in an international event during the time that qualifying event is to take place. For example, if a skater is competing at an event at the same time as his or her regional competition, that skater would receive a bye to the corresponding sectional competition. If a skater is competing at an event at the same time as his or her sectional competition, that skater would qualify for the national event without having had to compete at a sectional championship.
Skaters may not compete in the same discipline at different levels in the same National Championship, but may compete in different disciplines at different levels. For example, a skater could not compete in both the junior women's and senior women's events, but could compete in both the junior women's and the senior pairs events. Skaters are also not permitted to regress a level; if a skater has competed in senior women's, she may not compete in junior women's in any subsequent year.
There are no age limits to competing. The terms "novice", "junior", and "senior" refer to the level of skating, not the age of the competitors. Therefore, competitors on the senior level do not have to be old enough to compete internationally on the senior level, and competitors on the junior level do not have to be young enough to compete internationally on the junior level.
Note that the qualifying rules for the U.S. Championships have varied greatly over the history of the event. The regional qualifying event structure was not uniformly put in place until the 1966–67 season. Also, prior to this time, at sectional qualifying events skaters competed at one level above their national level, so (for instance) senior sectional champions qualified to skate at the junior, rather than senior, national level.[3] Qualification for the senior national championship was through a separate set of rules, essentially based on results from the previous season.[4] There have also been changes at various times to the number of skaters qualifying through sectionals, and to policies for byes.
Regions and sections
edit- Eastern Section:
- New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
- North Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, Northwestern Pennsylvania
- South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania (excluding the Northwest), South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Chattanooga
- Midwestern Section:
- Eastern Great Lakes: Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan (Lower Peninsula), Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee (excluding Chattanooga)
- Upper Great Lakes: Illinois, Iowa, Michigan (Upper Peninsula), Minnesota, Missouri (except Kansas City), North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin
- Southwestern: Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas City
- Pacific Coast Section:
- Northwest Pacific: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming
- Central Pacific: Northern California, Hawaii, Nevada, Utah
- Southwest Pacific: Arizona, Southern California
The Championship Series
editDuring the 2020-21 and 2021-22 seasons, the traditional qualification system was replaced with The Championship Series due to the impact of COVID-19. The 2021 U.S. Championship Series took place in a virtual format from November 10 through December 6.[5] The top scores (senior ladies (9), senior men (9), senior pairs (6), junior ladies (12), junior men (12), junior pairs (8), junior ice dance (10)) from the series advanced to the 2021 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. All senior ice dance teams who registered for the in-person qualifying season advanced to the 2021 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.[6]
The 2022 U.S. Championship Series was a series of eight competitions from October 4 through November 20.[7] For senior singles, the top two total combined scores from each section and next best top three scores from the nation advanced to the 2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. For junior singles, the top three total combined junior scores from each section, the next best three total combined junior scores, and the top three total combined novice scores advanced to the 2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. For pairs and ice dance, the top total combined scores (senior pairs (5), senior ice dance (4), junior pairs (9), junior ice dance (12)) advanced to the 2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.[8]
National Qualifying Series
editBeginning in the 2022-23 season, regional competitions were combined to a series of competitions running from mid-July to early October. Skaters with the top scores within the NQS then qualify for a NQS Final competition (Pacific Coast Sectional Singles Final, Eastern Sectional Singles Final, Midwerstern Sectional Singles Final, U.S. Ice Dance Final, U.S. Pairs Final).
The top juvenile, intermediate, and top novice skaters are then invited to the National High Performance Development Camp while top novice, junior, and senior skaters advance to the U.S. Figure Skating Championships.
Senior medalists
editMen's singles
editWomen's singles
edit- ^ In June 1994, U.S. Figure Skating voted to strip Tonya Harding of her 1994 title. However, the competition results were not changed and the title was left vacant.[72][73]
Pair skating
editIce dance
editJunior medalists
editMen's singles
editWomen's singles
editPair skating
editYear | Location | Gold[9] | Silver | Bronze | Pewter | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1923 | New Haven | Ruth Chapman / Joseph Chapman | No pewter medals awarded | |||
1924 | Philadelphia | Ada Bauman / George Braakman | ||||
1925 | New York City | Sydney Goode / James Greene | ||||
1926 | Boston | Beatrix Loughran / Raymond Harvey | ||||
1927 | New York City |
|
|
[11] | ||
1928 | New Haven | Grace Madden / James Madden | ||||
1929 | New York City | Dorothy Weld / Richard Hapgood | ||||
1930 | Providence | Helen Herbst / William Nagle | ||||
1931 | Boston | Nancy Follett / Fred Parmenter | ||||
1932 | New York City | Virginia Martin / Ferrier Martin | ||||
1933 | New Haven | Eva Schwerdt / William Bruns Jr. | ||||
1934 | Philadelphia | Polly Blodgett / Roger Turner | ||||
1935 | New Haven | Jeanne Schulte / Ollie Haupt Jr. | ||||
1936 | New York City | Joan Tozzer / Bernard Fox | ||||
1937 | Chicago | Ardelle Kloss / Roland Janson | ||||
1938 | Philadelphia | Annah Hall / William Hall III | ||||
1939 | Saint Paul | Betty Lee Bennett / John Kinney | ||||
1940 | Cleveland | Dorothy Glazier / Stephen Tanner | ||||
1941 | Boston | Doris Schubach / Walter Noffke | ||||
1942 | Chicago | Dorothy Goos / Edward LeMaire | ||||
1943 | New York City | Betty Schalow / Arthur Preusch Jr. | ||||
1944 | Minneapolis | Donna Pospisil / Jean-Pierre Brunet | ||||
1945 | New York City | Betty Jean Higgins / Lyman Wakefield Jr. | ||||
1946 | Chicago | Yvonne Sherman / Robert Swenning | ||||
1947 | Berkeley | Harriet Sutton / John Lettengarver | ||||
1948 | Colorado Springs | Anne Davies / Carleton Hoffner Jr. | ||||
1949 | Lois Waring / Walter Bainbridge Jr. | |||||
1950 | Washington, D.C. | Janet Gerhauser / John Nightingale | ||||
1951 | Seattle | Caryl Johns / Jack Jost | ||||
1952 | Colorado Springs | Sharon Choate / Richard Bromley | ||||
1953 | Hershey | Norma McCullagh / Robert Goodfellow Jr. | ||||
1954 | Los Angeles | Dawn May / David Hertz | ||||
1955 | Colorado Springs | Maribel Owen / Charles Foster | ||||
1956 | Philadelphia | Nancy Rouillard / Ronald Ludington | ||||
1957 | Berkeley |
|
|
[12] | ||
1958 | Minneapolis |
|
|
[13] | ||
1959 | Rochester | Gail Kizer / Lonnie Kane | Laurie Hickox / William Hickox | |||
1960 | Seattle | Laurie Hickox / William Hickox | Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph | Mary McGrath / Jeff Flowers | ||
1961 | Colorado Springs | Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph | Dorothyann Nelson / Pieter Kollen | Irma Staro / Richard Callaghan | ||
1962 | Boston | Elizabeth George / Paul George | Cynthia Kauffman / Ronald Kauffman | Joanne Heckert / Gary Clark | ||
1963 | Long Beach | Cynthia Kauffman / Ronald Kauffman | ||||
1964 | Cleveland | Barbara Yaggi / Gene Floyd | ||||
1965 | Lake Placid | Page Paulsen / Larry Dusich | Susan Berens / Roy Wagelein | Betty Lewis / Richard Gilbert | ||
1966 | Berkeley |
|
|
[14] | ||
1967 | Omaha | |||||
1968 | Philadelphia | Annetta Baird / Richard Inglesi | ||||
1969 | Seattle | Jannat Thompson / John Baldwin | ||||
1970 | Tulsa |
|
|
[15] | ||
1971 | Buffalo |
|
|
|
[16] | |
1972 | Long Beach |
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|
|
[17] | |
1973 | Minneapolis |
|
|
[75] | ||
1974 | Providence |
|
|
|
[76] | |
1975 | Oakland |
|
|
|
[20] | |
1976 | Colorado Springs |
|
|
|
[21] | |
1977 | Hartford |
|
|
|
[22] | |
1978 | Portland |
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|
|
[23] | |
1979 | Cincinnati |
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|
|
[24] | |
1980 | Atlanta | Dana Graham / Paul Wylie | ||||
1981 | San Diego | Deborah Lynch / Keith Green | ||||
1982 | Indianapolis | Natalie Seybold / Wayne Seybold | Amy Lynn Grossman / Robert Davenport | |||
1983 | Pittsburgh |
|
|
[25] | ||
1984 | Salt Lake City |
|
|
|
[26] | |
1985 | Kansas City |
|
|
|
[27] | |
1986 | Uniondale |
|
|
[28] | ||
1987 | Tacoma |
|
|
|
[29] | |
1988 | Denver |
|
|
|
|
[30] |
1989 | Baltimore |
|
|
|
|
[31] |
1990 | Salt Lake City |
|
|
|
|
[32] |
1991 | Minneapolis |
|
|
|
|
[33] |
1992 | Orlando |
|
|
|
|
[34] |
1993 | Phoenix |
|
|
|
[35] | |
1994 | Detroit |
|
|
|
[36] | |
1995 | Providence |
|
|
[37] | ||
1996 | San Jose |
|
|
|
[38] | |
1997 | Nashville |
|
[81] | |||
1998 | Philadelphia |
|
|
|
[40] | |
1999 | Salt Lake City |
|
|
|
[41] | |
2000 | Cleveland |
|
|
|
[42] | |
2001 | Boston |
|
|
|
[43] | |
2002 | Los Angeles |
|
|
|
|
[44] |
2003 | Dallas |
|
|
|
|
[77] |
2004 | Atlanta |
|
[46] | |||
2005 | Portland |
|
|
[82] | ||
2006 | St. Louis |
|
[48] | |||
2007 | Spokane |
|
|
[49] | ||
2008 | Saint Paul |
|
|
|
|
[78] |
2009 | Cleveland |
|
|
|
[51] | |
2010 | Spokane |
|
|
|
[52] | |
2011 | Greensboro |
|
|
|
[53] | |
2012 | San Jose |
|
[54] | |||
2013 | Omaha |
|
[55] | |||
2014 | Boston |
|
|
|
[56] | |
2015 | Greensboro | Caitlin Fields / Ernie Utah Stevens | Chelsea Liu / Brian Johnson | Olivia Allan / Austin Hale | Lindsay Weinstein / Jacob Simon | [57] |
2016 | Saint Paul | Joy Weinberg / Maximiliano Fernandez | Lindsay Weinstein / Jacob Simon | Meiryla Findley / Austin Hale | Madeleine Gallagher / Justin Highgate-Brutman | [58] |
2017 | Kansas City | Nica Digerness / Danny Neudecker | Elli Kopmar / Jonah Barrett | Alexandria Yao / Austin Hale | Lindsay Weinstein / Jacob Simon | [59] |
2018 | San Jose | Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov | Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman | Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow | Nadine Wang / Spencer Akira Howe | [60] |
2019 | Detroit | Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow | Kate Finster / Balázs Nagy |
|
Maria Mokhova / Ivan Mokhov | [61] |
2020 | Greensboro |
|
|
|
[62] | |
2021 | Las Vegas |
|
|
[63] | ||
2022 | Nashville |
|
|
[64] | ||
2023 | San Jose |
|
|
[65] | ||
2024 | Columbus |
|
|
[66] | ||
2025 | Wichita | [67] | ||||
2026 | St. Louis |
Ice dance
editYear | Location | Gold[9] | Silver | Bronze | Pewter | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1943 | New York City | Dorothy Glazier / Lyman Wakefield Jr. | No pewter medals awarded | |||
1944 | Minneapolis | Marilyn Grace / William Hoyt | ||||
1945 | New York City | Patsy Jones / Walter Bainbridge Jr. | ||||
1946 | Chicago | Vivian Queisser / Richard Queisser | ||||
1947 | Berkeley | Renee Stein / Sidney Moore | ||||
1948 | Colorado Springs | Mary Firth / Donald Laws | ||||
1949 | Vera Ruth Elliott / Rex Cook | |||||
1950 | Washington, D.C. | Carol Ann Peters / Daniel Ryan | ||||
1951 | Seattle | Caryl Johns / Jack Jost | ||||
1952 | Colorado Springs | Elizabeth Chambers / Roger Chambers Jr. | ||||
1953 | Hershey | Katrine Neil / William Neil Jr. | ||||
1954 | Los Angeles | Sidney Ann Foster / Franklin Nelson | ||||
1955 | Colorado Springs | Barbara Stein / Ray Sato | ||||
1956 | Philadelphia | Aileen Kahre / Charles Phillips Jr. | ||||
1957 | Berkeley |
|
|
|
[12] | |
1958 | Minneapolis |
|
|
[13] | ||
1959 | Rochester | Diane Sherbloom / Roger Campbell | Patricia Dineen / Robert Dineen | |||
1960 | Seattle | Patricia Dineen / Robert Dineen | Ila Ray Hadley / Ray Hadley Jr. | Dorothyann Nelson / Pieter Kollen | ||
1961 | Colorado Springs | Rosemary McEvoy / Ralph Owen | ||||
1962 | Boston | Susan Bright / Robert Munz | Carole MacSween / Raymond Chenson | Peggy Eastman / Richard Hirsch | ||
1963 | Long Beach | Carole MacSween / Raymond Chenson | ||||
1964 | Cleveland | Kristin Fortune / Claude Sweet | ||||
1965 | Lake Placid | Kathy Flaherty / Roger Berry | Sandra Schwomeyer / James Pennington |
|
||
1966 | Berkeley |
|
|
|
[14] | |
1967 | Omaha | Debbi Gerken / Keith Galgot | ||||
1968 | Philadelphia | Joan Bitterman / Brad Hislop | ||||
1969 | Seattle | Candace Johnstone / Bruce Bowland | ||||
1970 | Tulsa |
|
|
|
[15] | |
1971 | Buffalo |
|
|
|
[16] | |
1972 | Long Beach |
|
|
|
[17] | |
1973 | Minneapolis |
|
|
[79] | ||
1974 | Providence |
|
|
|
[80] | |
1975 | Oakland |
|
|
[20] | ||
1976 | Colorado Springs |
|
|
[21] | ||
1977 | Hartford |
|
|
|
[22] | |
1978 | Portland |
|
|
|
[23] | |
1979 | Cincinnati |
|
|
|
[24] | |
1980 | Atlanta | Terri Slater / David Lipowitz | ||||
1981 | San Diego | Anne Spiewak / Keith Lichtman | ||||
1982 | Indianapolis | Amanda Newman / Jerry Santoferrara | Lynda Malek / Alexander Miller | Kristan Lowery / Chip Rossbach | ||
1983 | Pittsburgh |
|
|
|
[25] | |
1984 | Salt Lake City |
|
|
|
[26] | |
1985 | Kansas City |
|
|
|
[27] | |
1986 | Uniondale |
|
|
|
[28] | |
1987 | Tacoma |
|
|
|
[29] | |
1988 | Denver |
|
|
|
[30] | |
1989 | Baltimore |
|
|
|
[31] | |
1990 | Salt Lake City |
|
|
|
|
[32] |
1991 | Minneapolis |
|
|
|
|
[33] |
1992 | Orlando |
|
|
|
|
[34] |
1993 | Phoenix |
|
|
|
|
[35] |
1994 | Detroit |
|
|
|
[36] | |
1995 | Providence |
|
|
[37] | ||
1996 | San Jose |
|
|
|
[38] | |
1997 | Nashville |
|
|
[81] | ||
1998 | Philadelphia |
|
|
|
[40] | |
1999 | Salt Lake City |
|
|
[41] | ||
2000 | Cleveland |
|
|
[42] | ||
2001 | Boston |
|
|
|
|
[43] |
2002 | Los Angeles |
|
|
|
[44] | |
2003 | Dallas |
|
|
|
[77] | |
2004 | Atlanta |
|
[46] | |||
2005 | Portland |
|
|
|
[82] | |
2006 | St. Louis |
|
|
[48] | ||
2007 | Spokane | [49] | ||||
2008 | Saint Paul | [78] | ||||
2009 | Cleveland |
|
[51] | |||
2010 | Spokane |
|
[52] | |||
2011 | Greensboro |
|
|
[53] | ||
2012 | San Jose | [54] | ||||
2013 | Omaha |
|
[55] | |||
2014 | Boston | [56] | ||||
2015 | Greensboro | [57] | ||||
2016 | Saint Paul | [58] | ||||
2017 | Kansas City | [59] | ||||
2018 | San Jose |
|
[60] | |||
2019 | Detroit |
|
[61] | |||
2020 | Greensboro | [62] | ||||
2021 | Las Vegas |
|
|
[63] | ||
2022 | Nashville |
|
|
|
[64] | |
2023 | San Jose |
|
|
|
[65] | |
2024 | Columbus |
|
|
|
[66] | |
2025 | Wichita | [67] | ||||
2026 | St. Louis |
Compulsory figures
editCompetitions in compulsory figures were held for the last time at the 1999 U.S. Championships in Salt Lake City.[84]
Men's figures (Senior level)
editYear | Location | Gold[9] | Silver | Bronze | Pewter | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | Minneapolis | Craig Heath | Michael Weiss | Gig Siruno | Brian Schmidt | [33] |
1992 | Orlando | Brian Schmidt | Gig Siruno | Troy Goldstein | Scott Cormier | [34] |
1993 | Phoenix | Gig Siruno | Brian Schmidt | J. Robert Morris | Troy Goldstein | [85] |
1994 | Detroit | Eddie Gornik | Jay Cochon | [36] | ||
1995 | Providence | John Baldwin Jr. | Kevin Donovan | Everett Weiss | Anthony Chicalace | [37] |
1996 | San Jose | Everett Weiss | Anthony Chicalace | Anthony Bardin | Brian Beutsch | [38] |
1997 | Nashville | Robert Shmalo | No other competitors | [39] |
Women's figures (Senior level)
editYear | Location | Gold[9] | Silver | Bronze | Pewter | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | Minneapolis | Kelly Ann Szmurlo | Jennifer Leng | Karen Ann Gooley | Leigh Keiser | [33] |
1992 | Orlando | Sarah Gendreau | Sharon Sargent | Karen Ann Gooley | [34] | |
1993 | Phoenix | Carese Busby | Kristin Meyer | [85] | ||
1994 | Detroit | Melanie Dupon | Kristin Meyer | Carese Busby | Shannon Livingston | [36] |
1995 | Providence | Lisa Bryson | Melanie Dupon | Jennifer Blount | Cassy Papajohn | [37] |
1996 | San Jose | Cassy Papajohn | McKenzie Savidge | Jennifer Blount | [38] | |
1997 | Nashville | Melanie Dupon | McKenzie Savidge | Sarah Devereaux | Brandy Biddle | [39] |
1998 | Philadelphia | Cassy Papajohn | Lynne Petta | Elizabeth Handley | [40] | |
1999 | Salt Lake City | Lisa Frenzel Swain | Sonja Gullen | Lauren Hill & Lynne Petta (tie) | [84] |
Men's figures (Junior level)
editYear | Location | Gold[9] | Silver | Bronze | Pewter | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | Minneapolis | Laurent Massé | Mark Drouillard | Scott Tonidandel | Vearle Klinger | [33] |
1992 | Orlando | Jay Cochon | Jeffrey Adler | Eddie Gornik | [34] | |
1993 | Phoenix | Everett Weiss | Jeffrey Adler | Shaun Ditmar | Anthony Chicalace | [85] |
1994 | Detroit | Erik Schulz | Anthony Chicalace | John Wright | Ryan Jahnke | [36] |
1995 | Providence | Christopher Malato | Colin Bennett | Michael Keller | Jonathan Lawrence | [37] |
1996 | San Jose | Lloyd Sarbacker | Robert Shmalo | Christopher Mattern | [38] | |
1997 | Nashville | Scott Sarbacker | Christopher Mattern | Colin Bennett | Scott Sheets | [39] |
Women's figures (Junior level)
editYear | Location | Gold[9] | Silver | Bronze | Pewter | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | Minneapolis | Casey Link | Caroline Murray | Jennifer Blount | Sabrina Vora | [33] |
1992 | Orlando | Jessica Posada | Jennifer Carlson | Kristin Knotts | Sara Brock | [34] |
1993 | Phoenix | Leah Hardy | Shirley Pang | Melanie Dupon | Sarah Ohlmiller | [85] |
1994 | Detroit | Jennifer Clark | Karlene Marie Machovec | Cassy Papajohn | Theresa Cho | [36] |
1995 | Providence | Jamie Wunderlich | Lyndsey Read | Kristen Varney | Jennifer Rickard | [37] |
1996 | San Jose | Evelynn Raphael | Elizabeth Handley | Cammi Bruns | Mya Rose Zapata | [38] |
1997 | Nashville | Cammi Bruns | Emily Best | Jessica Vieth | Heather Lee | [39] |
1998 | Philadelphia | Kharen Kloeffer & Brooke Pitman (tie) | Josselyn Baumgartner | Alecia Moore | [40] | |
1999 | Salt Lake City | Jessica Koslow & Erin White (tie) | Lindsey Westbrook | Kristin Griffitts | [84] |
References
edit- ^ Janofsky, Michael (January 6, 1988). "Skaters Have No More Time to Dream". The The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013.
- ^ "The 2010 Official U.S. Figure Skating Rulebook" (PDF). U.S. Figure Skating. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
- ^ Benjamin T. Wright, Skating in America
- ^ USFSA Rulebook (1960 edition)
- ^ "U.S. Figure Skating Championship Series Moves to Virtual Format Due to COVID-19 Surge". November 2, 2020.
- ^ "Junior and Senior Virtual Competition Information – updated Dec. 21" (PDF). December 21, 2020.
- ^ "2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championship Series presented by Toyota Competition Central".
- ^ "2022 TOYOTA U.S. FIGURE SKATING CHAMPIONSHIPS ATHLETE BYE & ADVANCEMENT CRITERIA – AS OF JUNE 12, 2021" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "U.S. Figure Skating Directory Champions of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Figure Skating. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b c Hines, James R. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. xxii. ISBN 978-0-8108-6859-5.
- ^ a b c d e f "1927 National Championships" (PDF). Skating. No. 12. April 1927.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sims, Harry A. (April 1957). "The United States Championships" (PDF). Skating.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ballard, Glenn F. (April 1958). "The United States Championships" (PDF). Skating.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Udell, Ann (April 1966). "In Berkeley, California USA" (PDF). Skating.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Paul, Jeanne R. "U.S. Championships". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Burnham, Virginia K. "Nationals". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lawless, Josephine. "Nationals '72". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b "Nationals '73 Men" (PDF). Skating. April 1973.
- ^ a b "Nationals '74 Men" (PDF). Skating. April 1974.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Nationals '75". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Boucher, Barbara R. "Rocky Mountain Nationals". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ager, Mary-Lucile. "Nationals". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Oregonian Nationals". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ager, Mary-Lucile. "Nationals: A Bird's-Eye View". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The Great Skate Pittsburgh '83". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "1984 United States Figure Skating Championships". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "1985 United States Figure Skating Championships". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "1986 United States Figure Skating Championships". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "1987 United States Figure Skating Championships". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "1988 U.S. Championships: A Rocky Mountain High". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "1989 U.S. Figure Skating Championships: Closing Out the Decade". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "1990 U.S. Championships". U.S. Figure Skating Skating Magazine Archive. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
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