1090s in England

Events from the 1090s in England.

Incumbents

Monarch – William II

Events

1090
- After buying the allegiance of several local barons, King William II takes control of eastern Normandy.^[1]
1091
- 2 February – William II invades western Normandy with a large army.^[1] His brothers, Henry and Robert Curthose, mobilise mercenary forces to resist him during a siege at Mont-Saint-Michel. Under terms of the Treaty of Caen, estates on the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy are surrendered to William, matters being concluded in August.^[1]
- July – Malcolm III of Scotland invades England reaching as far south as Durham.^[2] The Normans led by William and Robert march north to oppose the Scots, but a conflict is averted. Malcolm is obliged to accept the terms of the Treaty of Abernethy (1072) and pays homage to William.^[1]
- 17 October – London tornado of 1091: A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in London, which destroys London Bridge and badly damages St Mary-le-Bow church.
1092
- May – William II annexes Cumbria from the Scottish Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde and builds Carlisle Castle.^[3]
- 9 May – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.^[4]
- 18 October – Walcher of Malvern correctly predicts the time of a lunar eclipse.^[1]
1093
- 6 March – Frankish monk, philosopher and theologian Anselm is nominated as Archbishop of Canterbury;^[2] he is consecrated on 4 December.
- 8 April – the new Winchester Cathedral, constructed by Bishop Walkelin, becomes operational.
- 11 August – construction of Durham Cathedral begins.^[2]
- 13 November – King Malcolm III of Scotland is killed at the Battle of Alnwick during an attempted invasion of England.^[1]
- Durham Priory re-establishes a monastic house on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne.^[5]
- Normans continue their occupation of southern Wales, constructing Pembroke Castle.^[1]
1094
- February – William II and Anselm quarrel about investiture and the overlordship of Church lands.^[1]
- 19 March – William II unsuccessfully invades Normandy.^[1]
- Welsh expel the Marcher Lords and destroy all Norman strongholds in Wales, except Pembroke Castle.^[1]
1095
- January – Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, rebels. William II besieges his stronghold of Bamburgh Castle which is surrendered by Robert's wife after he has been captured.^[1]
- 25 February – a council at Rockingham is held to resolve the dispute between Anselm and William II, but fails to do so.^[6]
- May – Papal legate forces a reconciliation between William II and Anselm.^[1]
1096
- Teaching at what will become the University of Oxford is recorded.^[2]
- King William II takes control of the Duchy of Normandy while his brother Robert II, Duke of Normandy is on the First Crusade.^[2]
- Construction of Norwich Cathedral begun.^[1] Herbert de Losinga, first Bishop of Norwich, establishes a Benedictine priory at Norwich and, shortly afterwards, an episcopal grammar school, Norwich School.
1097
- October – Edgar Ætheling overthrows Donald III of Scotland and places his nephew Edgar on the Scottish throne.^[6]
- 8 November – Anselm leaves England following disagreements with William II.^[2]
- Construction of Westminster Hall.^[1]
1098
- June or July – in the Battle of Anglesey Sound, a fleet led by Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway, reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of north Wales.^[1]
1099
- 11 November – flooding around North Sea and Mount's Bay, Cornwall.^[7]

Births

1095
- Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (died 1177)
1096
- King Stephen of England (died 1154)

Deaths

1091
- Approximate date – Robert D'Oyly, Norman nobleman and landowner
1092
- 7 May – Remigius de Fécamp, Bishop of Lincoln
1094
- 21 November – Simeon, Abbot of Ely (born c. 994)
1095
- 19 January – Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (born 1008)
- 26 June – Robert the Lotharingian, Bishop of Hereford
1096
- 2 January – William de St-Calais, Bishop of Durham and counsellor of William II
1097
- January/February – Odo of Bayeux, Earl of Kent (born c. 1030s in Normandy; died on First Crusade)
- c. 1097/8 – Baldwin, Abbot of Bury St Edmunds and royal doctor
1098
- 3 January – Walkelin, Bishop of Winchester
1099
- 3 December – Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury and Lord Chancellor

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 56–58. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
^ "Carlisle Castle". English Heritage. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
^ "Lincoln Cathedral website". Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
^ Finlayson, Rhona; Hardie, Caroline (2009), Holy Island (PDF), Northumberland Extensive Urban Survey, Northumberland County Council; English Heritage, retrieved 16 June 2020.
^ ^a ^b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 114–116. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 1923. p. 180.

[CBH-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 56–58. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.

[BBC_timeline-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 6 September 2024.

[3] "Carlisle Castle". English Heritage. Retrieved 21 December 2007.

[4] "Lincoln Cathedral website". Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2007.

[5] Finlayson, Rhona; Hardie, Caroline (2009), Holy Island (PDF), Northumberland Extensive Urban Survey, Northumberland County Council; English Heritage, retrieved 16 June 2020.

[Cassell's_Chronology-6] Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 114–116. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[7] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 1923. p. 180.

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