Cyclohexa-1,3-diene is an organic compound with the formula (C2H4)(CH)4. It is a colorless, flammable liquid. Its refractive index is 1.475 (20 °C, D). It is one of two isomers of cyclohexadiene, the other being 1,4-cyclohexadiene.
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| Names | |||
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Cyclohexa-1,3-diene | |||
| Other names
1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 1,2-Dihydrobenzene, 1,3-CHD
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| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| 506024 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.878 | ||
| EC Number |
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| 1657 | |||
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |||
| UN number | 1993 | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| C6H8 | |||
| Molar mass | 80.13 g/mol | ||
| Appearance | Colorless liquid | ||
| Density | 0.841 g/cm3 | ||
| Melting point | −98 °C (−144 °F; 175 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 80 °C (176 °F; 353 K) | ||
| -48.6·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
| Hazards | |||
| GHS labelling: | |||
 
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| Danger | |||
| H225, H335 | |||
| P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P312, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501 | |||
| Flash point | 26 °C (79 °F; 299 K) c.c. | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Synthesis
editCyclohexadiene is prepared by the double dehydrobromination of 1,2-dibromocyclohexane:[1]
- (CH2)4(CHBr)2 + 2 NaH → (CH2)2(CH)4 + 2 NaBr + 2 H2
Reactions
editUseful reactions of this diene are cycloadditions, such as the Diels-Alder reaction.[2]
Conversion of cyclohexa-1,3-diene to benzene + hydrogen is exothermic by about 25 kJ/mol in the gas phase.[3][4]
- cyclohexane → cyclohexa-1,3-diene + 2 H2 (ΔH = +231.5 kJ/mol; endothermic)
- cyclohexane → benzene + 3 H2 (ΔH = +205 kJ/mol; endothermic)
- cyclohexa-1,3-diene → benzene + H2 (ΔH = -26.5 kJ/mol; exothermic)
Compared with its isomer cyclohexa-1,4-diene, cyclohexa-1,3-diene is about 1.6 kJ/mol more stable.[5]
Cyclohexadiene and its derivatives form (diene)iron tricarbonyl complexes. Illustrative is [(C6H8)Fe(CO)3], an orange liquid. This complex reacts with hydride-abstracting reagents to give the cyclohexadienyl derivative [(C6H7)Fe(CO)3]+.[6] Cyclohexadienes react with ruthenium trichloride to give (Benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer.[7]
Occurrence
editCyclohexa-1,3-diene itself is rare in nature, but the cyclohexa-1,3-diene motif is fairly common.[8] One example is chorismic acid, an intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway. Of the several examples of the terpenoids and terpenes, a prominent example is phellandrene. An unusual derivative is cis-1,2-dihydrocatechol.
Coenzyme A-conjugated to the 2-position of cyclohexadiene-2-carboxylic acid is an intermediate in the biodegradation of aromatic carboxylic acids.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Schaefer, John P.; Endres, Leland (1967). "1,3-Cyclohexadiene". Organic Syntheses. 47: 31. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.047.0031.
- ^ Sanjeeva Rao Guppi, George A. O'Doherty, "1,3-Cyclohexadiene" Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2008 John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn00921
- ^ US National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Benzene
- ^ J. Sherman The heats of hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society; Volume 16, Number 2 / February, 1939
- ^ NIST Chemistry WebBook 1,4-Cyclohexadiene
- ^ Pearson, Anthony J.; Sun, Huikai (2008). "Cyclohexadieneiron Tricarbonyl". E-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn00791. ISBN 978-0471936237.
- ^ Bennett, M. A.; Huang, T. N.; Matheson, T. W.; Smith, A. K. (1982). "16. (η6 -Hexamethylbenzene)Ruthenium Complexes". (η6-Hexamethylbenzene)ruthenium Complexes. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 21. pp. 74–78. doi:10.1002/9780470132524.ch16. ISBN 9780470132524.
- ^ Gribble, G.W. (1991). "Natural Products Containing a Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, or Cyclohexadiene Subunit". Second Supplements to the 2nd Edition of Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. pp. 375–445. doi:10.1016/B978-044453347-0.50066-5. ISBN 978-0-444-53347-0.
- ^ Porter, A. W.; Young, L. Y. (2014). "Benzoyl-CoA, a Universal Biomarker for Anaerobic Degradation of Aromatic Compounds". Advances in Applied Microbiology. 88: 167–203. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800260-5.00005-X. ISBN 978-0-12-800260-5. PMID 24767428.