Yasna Haptanghaiti

The Yasna Haptanghaiti (Yasna Haptaŋhāiti) (YH), Avestan for "Worship in Seven Chapters," is a set of seven hymns within the greater Yasna collection, the primary liturgical texts of the Zoroastrian Avesta. It is generally believed that the YH spans Yasna 35.2- or 35.3–41.

Age and importance

While the first two verses (i.e. Y. 35.1-2, cf. Humbach 1991, p. 7) of the Yasna Haptanghaiti are in Younger Avestan, the rest of the seven hymns are in Gatha Avestan, the more archaic form of the Avestan language. The older part of the Yasna Haptanghaiti is generally considered to have been composed by the immediate disciples of Zoroaster, either during the prophet's lifetime or shortly after his death. Joanna Narten (Narten 1986) has suggested that, like the Gathas, the hymns of the Yasna Haptanghaiti were composed by Zoroaster himself, but this hypothesis has not received a significant following from the academic community.

In substance, the seven chapters are of great antiquity and contain allusions to the general (not necessarily Zoroaster-influenced) religious beliefs of the period in which Zoroaster was himself a priest. The texts are thus also of significance to scholars of religious history, and play a key role in the reconstruction of (Indo-)Iranian religion and for distinguishing Zoroaster's contributions from previously existing ideas and beliefs.

Structure and content

As represented within the greater Yasna liturgy, the Yasna Haptanghaiti are placed (and recited) between the first and second Gathas. Unlike the Gathas however, which are in verse, the Yasna Haptanghaiti is in prose. Analysis of the texts suggests that the hymns of the Yasna Haptanghaiti were composed as a discrete unit. The last verse of the last chapter suggests that the seven chapters represent the historical Yasna liturgy, around which the other chapters of the present-day Yasna were later organized. In that verse (41.6), the Yasna Haptanghaiti is personified as "the brave Yasna" and "the holy, the ritual chief."

The zand commentaries on the seven chapters summarize their contents as follows:

1. (Yasna 35),	10 verses,	"Praise to Ahura and the Immortals; Prayer for the practice and diffusion of the faith"
2. (Yasna 36),	6 verses,	"To Ahura and the Fire [i.e. Atar]"
3. (Yasna 37),	5 verses,	"To Ahura, the holy Creation, the Fravashis of the Just [i.e. ashavan], and the Bounteous Immortals"
4. (Yasna 38),	4 verses,	"To the earth and the sacred waters" [i.e. Zam and the Apas]"
5. (Yasna 39),	5 verses,	"To the soul of the kine (cattle) [i.e. Gavaevodata], &c"
6. (Yasna 40),	4 verses,	"Prayers for Helpers"
7. (Yasna 41),	6 verses,	"Prayer to Ahura as the King, the Life, and the Rewarder"

In the 19th century, Yasna 42 was considered to be a supplement to the Yasna Haptanghaiti, but later discussions of the liturgy do not include it as such. Yasna 42 is younger than the Yasna Haptanghaiti.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Boyce, Mary (1975), History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill.
• Hintze, Almut (2004), "On the Ritual Significance of the Yasna Haptanghaiti", in Stausberg, Michael (ed.), Zoroastrian Rituals in Context, Numen 102, Leiden: Brill, pp. 291–316.
• Humbach, Helmut (1991), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts, Part I, Heidelberg: Winter.
• Kellens, Jean (1989), "Avesta", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 3, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 35–44.
• Mills, Lawrence H. (1905), "The Pahlavi texts of the Yasna Haptanghaiti, Yasna XXXV-XLI (XLII), edited with all Mss. collated", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 59: 105–115.
• Narten, Joanna (1986), Der Yasna Haptaŋhāiti, Wiesbaden: Reichert.

Further reading

• Mills, Lawrence. H. (1887), Müller, Max (ed.), Yasna Haptanghaiti, Sacred Books of the East, vol. 31, Oxford: Oxford University Press