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Wilson v. State

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Wilson v. State, 652 S.E. 2d 501, 282 Ga. 520 (2007) was a Georgia court case brought about to appeal the aggravated child molestation conviction of Genarlow Wilson (born April 8, 1986, to Juanessa Bennett and Marlow Wilson).

Wilson v. State
CourtMonroe County Superior Court
Full case name Genarlow Wilson v. State of Georgia
DecidedApril 28, 2006
Case history
Prior actionsState v. Wilson (trial in Douglas Superior Court); Wilson v. State 279 Ga. App. 459 (appeal to Court of Appeals of Georgia); Wilson v. State 2006 Ga. LEXIS 1036 (application to Supreme Court of Georgia for certiorari denied)
Subsequent actionAppeal granted Supreme Court of Georgia October 26, 2007
Court membership
Judge sittingJudge Thomas Wilson
Case opinions

  • new conviction of "misdemeanor aggravated child molestation" substituted for original conviction of "aggravated child molestation"

Wilson was convicted of aggravated child molestation in 2005, after, at the age of 17, he had engaged in oral sex with a 15-year-old at a New Year's Eve party, an offense carrying a mandatory penalty of 10 years' imprisonment.[1][2][3][4]

At the time of his conviction, provisions for similarity in age that allowed underage consent to be taken into account were only applicable to vaginal sex. As the case involved oral sex, the consent of the girl was not at that time legally relevant.[5][6]

On October 26, 2007, the Georgia State Supreme Court, while not overturning the conviction itself, ruled that Wilson's sentence was disproportionate. He was released later that day, after serving over 4 years of his 10-year prison sentence in the Al Burruss Correctional Training Center in Forsyth, Georgia.

Background

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During a private New Year's Eve party that Wilson attended in a hotel room in 2003, when Wilson was 17 years old, multiple sex acts took place. Wilson engaged in oral sex with a 15-year-old girl, and the girl stated consistently that the act was consensual.

Additionally, Wilson engaged in sex with a 17-year-old girl,[7] who woke up the next morning naked and disoriented and claimed to have been raped,[8] which triggered an investigation. Police found condoms and evidence of drinking, as well as a video camera with footage of Wilson engaging in the sex acts, in the motel room used for the party.[7] In the video, the 17-year-old girl appeared sleepy or intoxicated during the sex act but did not ask Wilson to stop.[7]

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Initial trial and plea deal

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The then 15-year-old girl has repeatedly stated that the act of oral sex was consensual, though she legally could not consent.[5] The jury acquitted Wilson of the rape charge, but as the age of consent in Georgia is 16, they voted to convict him of aggravated child molestation for the oral sex incident. Some jury members later complained they had not understood the verdict would result in a 10-year minimum sentence, plus one year on probation.[8]

Wilson received the 10-year sentence following a refusal to enter into a proposed plea bargain, stating his adamant belief that "It's all about doing what's right [...] And what's right is right, and what's wrong is wrong. And I'm just standing up for what I believe in."[7] His decision to reject the plea agreement, as well as his continued fight to overturn his conviction, takes into account that sex offenders in Georgia must register themselves and are subject to penalty laws for life,[8] and that the law was not intended to penalize teenage partners.[7] As the law stands, Wilson would not even be able to return to his own family after an early release, as he has an 8-year-old sister Jiaya Bennett with whom he would be forbidden contact.[9] The other young males involved (including one charged for the same oral sex acts as Wilson) accepted plea bargains with the possibility of parole; they are required to register as convicted sex offenders.[10] Wilson had been offered a plea bargain for a five-year sentence with the possibility of parole before the trial but rejected the offer. After the jury had returned the guilty verdict, the prosecutor offered the same 5-year plea bargain again, and Wilson refused again. Another young man involved in the case had accepted a similar 5-year plea bargain and was paroled after two years.[8]

Legislative action

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In part because of the publicity surrounding this case, the law under which Wilson was convicted was changed after his conviction; the act would now be treated as a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of one year in prison, and no sex offender registration.[8] While Wilson's attorneys argued that such a change in the law should reverse his conviction,[11] the Legislature specifically prohibited the bill from being applied retroactively.[12]

A bipartisan group of legislators introduced a bill in the 2007 Georgia legislative session that would allow Wilson's sentence to be reduced by the courts. This session was adjourned in April, before the bill could be considered.[13] Several legislators have subsequently called for a rare special session of the Legislature to reconsider the bill.[14]

After the trial ended, the District Attorney's office received numerous open record requests for the videotape. David McDade inquired of the Prosecuting Attorneys' Council of Georgia whether the videotape had to be released under the Open Records Act. The Council concluded that "if no one has filed for a protection order ... claiming that disclosure of the video tape would invade individual privacy, we can find no reason why disclosure of the video tape is not required under ... the Open Records Act."[15] Ignoring the fact that it was the Legislature that wrote the Open Records Law (and which caused the initial controversy by refusing to apply the "Romeo and Juliet" clause retroactively), Georgia State Sen. Emanuel Jones said he would introduce legislation to block district attorneys from handing over photographic images in sex cases. "'I'm going to call it the David McDade Act,' Jones said. 'Sometimes we have to protect our kids from district attorneys.'"[16] As the participants shown having sex in the video were under 18, the videotape constitutes child pornography under federal law. The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act prohibits prosecutors from allowing defendants in criminal proceedings to possess a copy of any evidence that constitutes child pornography, even if the purpose is to mount a defense against the charge. Under this law, Wilson and his defense team are prohibited from having a copy of the videotape that prosecutor McDade has distributed to anyone else who has requested it.[17]

Appeals

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The case was appealed to the Georgia Supreme Court; the court twice refused to hear the case, with the presiding judge delivering an opinion that said she was "very sympathetic to Wilson's argument" but that she was bound by the Legislature's decision to make the law not apply retroactively.[18]

The governor does not have pardon power in Georgia, but the prosecutor has the power to set aside the verdict. The prosecutor Eddie Barker, apparently waiting for an admission of guilt, has said "the one person who can change things at this point is Genarlow. The ball's in his court."

Habeas petition

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In response to a petition of habeas corpus filed by Wilson's attorneys, the Superior Court of Monroe County in the State of Georgia reduced Wilson's charge to misdemeanor aggravated child molestation, ordered that his name not be placed on the sex-offender registry, and resentenced him to 12 months and with credit for time served. Stated Judge Thomas Wilson (no relation), "The fact that Genarlow Wilson has spent two years in prison for what is now classified as a misdemeanor, and without assistance from this Court, will spend eight more years in prison, is a grave miscarriage of justice."[19]

Georgia's Attorney General Thurbert Baker has appealed Judge Wilson's decision, staying Genarlow Wilson's release. Baker maintains the judge did not have the authority to overturn the conviction and says there is a plea bargain offer on the table.[20]

According to Baker, the plea deal could allow Wilson to be eligible for First Offender Treatment, which would mean that he would not have a criminal record nor would he be subject to registering on the sex offender registry once his sentence had been completed. It could also result in Wilson receiving a reduced sentence, possibly leading to his release based upon time already served. Wilson's lawyer, B.J. Bernstein, would not accept the proposed deal because it would require her client to plead guilty to a felony with a fifteen-year sentence, forcing him to register as a sexual offender for up to fifteen years.[21]

Bond hearing

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Following the grant of habeas and Baker's appeal, Bernstein urged prosecutors to allow her client to be set free on bond until the appeal could be heard. Whitney Tilson, a New York City investment manager, and others offered to finance a million dollar bond on Wilson's behalf, but District Attorney McDade noted that Wilson's crime, aggravated child molestation, prevented him from being released on bond. Douglas County Superior Court Judge David Emerson agreed with McDade and canceled a scheduled bond hearing. Bernstein announced that she would file an appeal.[22]

Georgia Supreme Court appeal hearing

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On July 9, 2007, the Georgia State Supreme Court set a hearing for Genarlow Wilson's appeal for July 20, 2007, more than two months earlier than previously scheduled. The first motion was an appeal by the State Attorney General Baker of the Monroe County Superior Court judge's decision to reduce Wilson's felony conviction to a misdemeanor and release him. The second motion was brought by Wilson's attorneys to have him released on bond while the appeals are heard which the Douglas County Superior Court judge denied.[23]

Wilson's release

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On October 26, 2007, the Georgia State Supreme Court ruled 4–3 that Wilson's sentence was cruel and unusual, and ordered him released.[24][25] He was released from prison in the late afternoon that day.[26] The majority opinion said that the changes in the law (which made oral sex between minors a misdemeanor instead of a felony) "represent a seismic shift in the legislature's view of the gravity of oral sex between two willing teenage participants" and "reflect a decision by the people of this State that the severe felony punishment and sex offender registration imposed on Wilson make no measurable contribution to acceptable goals of punishment. ... Although society has a significant interest in protecting children from premature sexual activity, we must acknowledge that Wilson's crime does not rise to the level of culpability of adults who prey on children and that, for the law to punish Wilson as it would an adult, with the extraordinarily harsh punishment of ten years in prison without the possibility of probation or parole, appears to be grossly disproportionate to his crime."[27][28]

The dissenting opinion said that the legislators had explicitly made the law non-retroactive and, therefore, should not be applied to Wilson. The majority opinion claimed, however, that it did not apply the law retroactively but instead that the punishment was unconstitutionally cruel and unusual.[29] The dissenters argued that the precedents the majority relied upon involved legislation with no prohibitions against retroactivity.[30]

Attorney General Baker said he would not appeal the ruling.[31]

Reaction

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On December 21, 2006, The New York Times published an editorial[9] condemning the Georgia Supreme Court's original refusal to hear Wilson's appeal, noting that Wilson was not a sexual predator, and that his behavior would have only been a misdemeanor if he had actually had sex with the girl, instead of having had oral sex (due to a loophole in the applicable law's provision intended to prevent exactly this kind of dubious conviction).

Oral sex has long had a special criminal status in Georgia law; until 1998, oral sex even between husband and wife was punishable with up to 20 years in prison.[7] The United States Supreme Court, in 1986, originally upheld Georgia's anti-sodomy law (which covered both oral sex and anal sex) as constitutional even when applied to criminalize two consenting adults in the privacy of their bedroom (Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 176). Twelve years later, Georgia's Supreme Court would, however, find that the same law upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court was unconstitutional on state constitutional grounds, at least as applied to oral sex with persons over the age of consent (Powell v. Georgia, S98A0755, 270 Ga. 327, 510 S.E. 2d 18 (1998)).

On April 30, 2007, The New York Times published another editorial noting that Georgia's legislature had closed the loophole in the law and that if Wilson were tried today he would now be facing only misdemeanor charges for the same act. However, the State Senate adjourned for the year without taking up a bill allowing judges to review previous cases like Wilson's and Wilson continued to serve a mandatory 10-year sentence. The Times also noted that Wilson's attorneys had applied for a writ of habeas corpus with the U.S. Supreme Court and it urged the Court to grant it. In the same editorial, the Times lambasted prosecuting district attorney David McDade for continuing to publicly charge that Wilson participated in gang-raping a different 17-year-old girl, even though he was acquitted of charges in that case.[32]

On May 24, 2007, former US president Jimmy Carter wrote a letter to state attorney-general Thurbert Baker (who, like Wilson, is African-American) in which he questioned whether Wilson's race had played a role in his treatment. He wrote: "The racial dimension of the case is likewise hard to ignore and perhaps unfortunately has had an impact on the final outcome of the case," pointing out that white defendants have received lesser punishments for similar conduct.[33]

Following the June ruling in Monroe County, both Attorney General Baker and Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue expressed concern that other convicted child molesters might attempt similar legal tactics to get out of prison. While Baker called the Wilson sentence "harsh", he also noted that he had taken an oath to uphold state law.[34]

Black leaders such as Rev. Joseph Lowery, Dr. Francys Johnson, the Rev. Jesse Jackson and the Congressional Black Caucus have criticized Baker's appeal of the Monroe County ruling. Meanwhile, Rev. Markel Hutchins, a civil rights activist in Atlanta, has criticized them for not having all the facts and failing to stand up for the victims in the case. He also questioned the motivations of Wilson's attorney, Bernstein, and urged her to attempt to find a resolution in the case.[35]

On Genarlow's behalf, the NAACP, led by Dr. Francys Johnson, also marched on Douglas County, Georgia, for the injustice done. There were many participants there, including the girl's mother who stated that she forgave Genarlow and was in favor of his release. The speakers targeted Douglas County judicial system and particularly David McDade for his unfair treatment.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Joyner, Tammy (October 26, 2007). "Genarlow Wilson rejoices over his release". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  2. ^ Christen, Tracey (October 27, 2007). "Genarlow Wilson Freed From Prison". WXIA-TV. Retrieved October 27, 2007.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ Fausset, Richard (October 27, 2007). "After teen sex ruling, he's a free man". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
  4. ^ "Georgia Court Frees Man in Teen Sex Case". Associated Press. October 26, 2007. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
  5. ^ a b "Georgia Man Fights Conviction as Molester" – New York Times, Tuesday December 19, 2006 Archived February 3, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Why is Genarlow Wilson in Prison? Archived June 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – by Chandra R. Thomas, Atlanta Magazine
  7. ^ a b c d e f Outrage After Teen Gets 10 Years for Oral Sex With Girl – ABC News, February 7, 2006 Archived June 9, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c d e Outrageous Injustice – Thompson, Wright, ESPN website, January 24, 2007 [1]
  9. ^ a b "Free Genarlow Wilson Now". New York Times. December 21, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
  10. ^ Teen’s 10-Year-Term for Consensual Sex Draws Attention to Georgia Law Archived February 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – from BlackAmericaWeb, January 10, 2006
  11. ^ Petition for a Writ of Certiorari, filed by Brenda Joy Bernstein in the Georgia Supreme Court
  12. ^ House Bill 1059 Archived July 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Genarlow Wilson: search for justice continues – Press release by State Senator Emanuel Jones, 10th District of Georgia [dead link‍]
  14. ^ Law change sought in Genarlow Wilson case – by Carlos Campos, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 18, 2007 Archived June 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Release of tape in teen sex case may violate child-porn law, CNN, July 13, 2007, retrieved December 11, 2009 Archived 2022-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Prosecutor Under Fire in Teen Sex Case, Associated Press, July 13, 2007Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Genarlow Wilson Needs the Walsh ActArchived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Order of the Court, Wilson v. State Archived June 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (PDF document)]
  19. ^ Judge Rules for Genarlow Wilson in Teen Sex CaseArchived June 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Georgia Attorney General Thurbert Baker's Open Letter regarding the Genarlow Wilson Case: http://www.state.ga.us/ago/pdfs/TEB_Letter_for_Website.pdf Archived July 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Last minute appeal in teen sex case sparks outrage Archived June 10, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Judge says no bond for Genarlow Wilson, cancels hearing Archived June 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, by Shannon McCaffrey, Associated Press, June 27, 2006
  23. ^ Redmon, Jeremy (July 9, 2007). "State Supreme Court moves up Genarlow Wilson hearing". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2007.
  24. ^ Supreme Court of Georgia, Humphrey v. Wilson (S07A1481) and Wilson v. The State (S07A1606), 282 Ga. 520 (October 26, 2007)
  25. ^ "Supreme Court Orders Genarlow Wilson's Release". WGCL-TV. October 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  26. ^ Mary Lynn Ryan (October 26, 2007). "Wilson released after two years behind bars for teen sex conviction". CNN. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  27. ^ "Court Orders Genarlow Wilson Freed". Inside Advantage Georgia. October 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  28. ^ "Supreme Court Orders Genarlow Wilson Released". WSB-TV. October 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  29. ^ "Teen-sex sentence 'cruel and unusual' punishment". CNN. October 26, 2007. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  30. ^ Hansen, Jane (October 26, 2007). "SUPREME COURT RULES WILSON'S SENTENCE CRUEL AND UNUSUAL" (PDF). Supreme Court of Georgia. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 2, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  31. ^ Goodman, Brenda (October 26, 2007). "Georgia Court Orders Man Freed in Sex Case". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  32. ^ "Georgia’s Shame" – The New York Times, Monday April 30, 2007 "Every day that young Genarlow Wilson remains in prison for consensual sexual activity is a further indictment against the prosecutors, lawmakers and judges of the Georgia legal system. Lawyers for Mr. Wilson have applied for a writ of habeas corpus to challenge his cruel and unusual 10-year sentence. The Superior Court should grant it."Archived June 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Judge to rule Monday in Ga. teen sex case[permanent dead link‍] Ledger-Enquirer, June 6, 2007
  34. ^ Baker defends Wilson appeal – by Jeremy Redmon and James Salzer, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 15, 2007 Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Civil rights leader meets with DA, AG in Genarlow Wilson case[permanent dead link‍] – by Shannon McCaffrey, Associated Press, June 15, 2007
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