Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Lead sentences needing improvement

These are the lead sentences most in need of improvement (as determined by a script). This is an experimental report and may include false positives. Generated 14 November 2015‎.

Title	Score	Lead sentence
Atrophodermia vermiculata	1375	Atrophodermia vermiculata (also known as "Acne vermoulante," "Acne vermoulanti," "Atrophoderma reticulata symmetrica faciei," "Atrophoderma reticulatum," "Atrophoderma vermiculata," "Atrophoderma vermiculatum," "Atrophodermia reticulata symmetrica faciei," "Atrophodermia ulerythematosa," "Atrophodermie vermiculée des joues avec kératoses folliculaires," "Folliculitis ulerythema reticulata," "Folliculitis ulerythematous reticulata," "Folliculitis ulerythemosa," "Honeycomb atrophy," "Ulerythema acneforme," and "Ulerythema acneiforme") presents with erythematous follicular papules on the cheeks in childhood, and, with time, the lesions develop into pit-like depressions.
Mahidol Adulyadej	1210	Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla (Thai: สมเด็จเจ้าฟ้ามหิดลอดุลยเดช กรมหลวงสงขลานครินทร์) or Mahidol Adulyadej the Prince Father (Thai: สมเด็จพระมหิตลาธิเบศร อดุลยเดชวิกรม อดุลยเดชวิกรม พระบรมราชชนก rtgs: Somdet Phra Mahitalathibet Adunyadetwikrom Phra Borommaratchachanok, 1 January 1892 – 24 September 1929) or Mahidol Songkla was the father of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) of Thailand.
Beare–Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome	880	Beare–Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by craniosynostosis (premature fusion of certain bones of the skull, sometimes resulting in a characteristic 'cloverleaf skull'; further growth of the skull is prevented, and therefore the shape of the head and face is abnormal) and a specific skin abnormality, called cutis gyrata, characterized by a furrowed and wrinkled appearance (particularly in the face and on the palms and soles of the feet); thick, dark, velvety areas of skin (acanthosis nigricans) are sometimes found on the hands and feet and in the groin.
Kindler syndrome	816	Kindler syndrome (also known as "Bullous acrokeratotic poikiloderma of Kindler and Weary,", "Congenital poikiloderma with blisters and keratoses," "Congenital poikiloderma with bullae and progressive cutaneous atrophy," "Hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma," "Hyperkeratosis–hyperpigmentation syndrome," "Acrokeratotic poikiloderma," and "Weary–Kindler syndrome") is a rare congenital disease of the skin caused by a mutation in the KIND1 gene.
Scientific Library of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University	782	The Scientific Library of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (Ukrainian: Наукова бібліотека Львівського національного медичного університету імені Данила Галицького; transliterated Naukova biblioteka Lʹvivsʹkoho natsionalʹnoho medychnoho universytetu imeni Danyla Halytsʹkoho) is a department of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University that provides students with printed materials for education and research work.
Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis	759	Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis (also known as "Linear nevoid hyperpigmentation," "Progressive cribriform and zosteriform hyperpigmentation," "Reticulate and zosteriform hyperpigmentation," "Reticulate hyperpigmentation of Iijima and Naito and Uyeno," "Zebra-like hyperpigmentation in whorls and streaks," and "Zebra-line hyperpigmentation") is a disorder of pigmentation that develops within a few weeks of birth and progresses for one to two years before stabilizing.
Hyperopia	743	Hyperopia or hypermetropia, from the Greek word "hyper-metropia : ὑπερ-μετρωπία" (hyper = over + metro = measure + op = sight, look + suffix ia = condition, state > thus a condition of over-measured sight) commonly known as being farsighted (American English) or longsighted (British English), is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough), causing difficulty focusing on near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on objects at any distance.
X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder	739	X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (also known as "Familial cutaneous amyloidosis," "Partington amyloidosis," "Partington cutaneous amyloidosis," "Partington syndrome type II," "Reticulate pigmentary disorder", and "X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder with systemic manifestations") is a cutaneous condition that has been described in adult women that had linear streaks of hyperpigmentation and in which male patients manifested a reticulated mottled brown pigmentation of the skin, which, on biopsy, demonstrated dermal deposits of amyloid.
Malouf syndrome	684	Malouf syndrome (also known as "congestive cardiomyopathy-hypergonadotropic hypogonadism syndrome") is a congenital disorder that causes one or more of the following symptoms: mental retardation, ovarian dysgenesis, congestive cardiomyopathy, broad nasal base, blepharoptosis, and bone abnormalities, and occasionally marfanoid habitus (tall stature with long and thin limbs, little subcutaneous fat, arachnodactyly, joint hyperextension, narrow face, small chin, large testes, and hypotonia).
Geographic tongue	677	Geographic tongue (also known as benign migratory glossitis, erythema migrans, erythema migrans lingualis, glossitis areata exfoliativa, glossitis areata migrans, lingua geographica, psoriasiform mucositis, stomatitis areata migrans, wandering rash of the tongue, and transitory benign plaques of the tongue), is an inflammatory condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface.
Pumpkin seed oil	676	Pumpkin seed oil (Kernöl or Kürbiskernöl in German, bučno olje in Slovenian, bučino ulje in Croatian, tikvino ulje or bundevino ulje in Serbian, ulei de dovleac in Romanian, and tökmag-olaj in Hungarian), is a culinary specialty from what used to be part of the Kingdom of Hungary and is now southeastern Austria (Styria), eastern Slovenia (Styria and Prekmurje), Central Transylvania, Orastie-Cugir region of Romania, north western Croatia (esp. Međimurje), and adjacent regions of Hungary.
Clinical pathology	672	Clinical pathology (US, UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Peru), Laboratory Medicine (Germany, Romania, Poland, Eastern Europe), Clinical analysis (Spain) or Clinical/Medical Biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, North and West Africa...), is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology.
Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines	671	Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML) (also known as LEOPARD syndrome, Cardiocutaneous syndrome, Gorlin syndrome II, Lentiginosis profusa syndrome, Progressive cardiomyopathic lentiginosis, Capute-Rimoin-Konigsmark-Esterly-Richardson syndrome, or Moynahan syndrome), which is part of a group called Ras/MAPK pathway syndromes, — is a rare autosomal dominant, multisystem disease caused by a mutation in the protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 gene (PTPN11).
Balanitis plasmacellularis	666	Balanitis plasmacellularis (also known as "Balanoposthitis chronica circumscripta plasmacellularis," "Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis," "Plasma cell balanitis," "Plasma cell vulvitis," "Vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis," "Zoon's balanitis," "Zoon's erythroplasia," and "Zoon's vulvitis") is a cutaneous condition characterized by a benign inflammatory skin lesion characterized histologically by a plasma cell infiltrate.
Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis	665	Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis (also called Toxicodendron dermatitis and Rhus dermatitis) is the medical name given to allergic rashes produced by the oil urushiol, which is contained in various plants, including the plants of the genus Toxicodendron (including poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac), other plants in the sumac Anacardiaceae family (mango, pistachio, Rengas tree, Burmese lacquer tree, India marking nut tree, and the shell of the cashew nut), and unrelated plants such as Ginkgo biloba.
Dermatitis repens	660	Dermatitis repens (also known as "Acrodermatitis continua," "Acrodermatitis perstans," "Pustular acrodermatitis," "Acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau," "Acrodermatitis continua suppurativa Hallopeau," "Hallopeau's acrodermatitis,", "Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua," and "Dermatitis repens Crocker") is a rare, sterile, pustular eruption of the fingers and toes that slowly extends proximally.
De Quervain syndrome	657	De Quervain syndrome (French pronunciation: ​[də kɛʁvɛ̃]; also known as BlackBerry thumb, texting thumb, gamer's thumb, washerwoman's sprain, radial styloid tenosynovitis, de Quervain disease, de Quervain's tenosynovitis, de Quervain's stenosing tenosynovitis, mother's wrist, or mommy thumb), is a tenosynovitis of the sheath or tunnel that surrounds two tendons that control movement of the thumb.
Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia	655	Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (also known as "Alopecia congenita with keratosis palmoplantaris," "Clouston syndrome," "Fischer–Jacobsen–Clouston syndrome," "Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia," "Keratosis palmaris with drumstick fingers," and "Palmoplantar keratoderma and clubbing") is caused by mutations in a connexin gene, GJB6 or connexin-30, characterized by scalp hair that is wiry, brittle, and pale, often associated with patchy alopecia.
Fluorine deficiency	653	Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a disorder which may cause increased dental caries (or tooth decay, is the breakdown of dental tissues by the acidic products released by the "bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.") and possibly osteoporosis (a bone disorder which leads to a decrease in bone mass, and an increase in bone fragility), due to a lack of fluoride in the diet however, there are anti-osteoporotic functional food ingredients that can help decrease the risk of osteoporosis fractures.
Acid phosphatase	643	Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2, acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphomonoesterase, glycerophosphatase, acid monophosphatase, acid phosphohydrolase, acid phosphomonoester hydrolase, uteroferrin, acid nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase, orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)) is a phosphatase, a type of enzyme, used to free attached phosphoryl groups from other molecules during digestion.
Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia	642	Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (also known as "borrelial lymphocytoma," "Lymphadenosis benigna cutis," "Lymphocytoma cutis," "Pseudolymphoma," "Pseudolymphoma of Spiegler and Fendt," "Sarcoidosis of Spiegler and Fendt," "Spiegler–Fendt lymphoid hyperplasia," and "Spiegler–Fendt sarcoid") refers to a groups of benign cutaneous disorders characterized by collections of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the skin.
Livedoid vasculitis	642	Livedoid vasculopathy (also known as "Livedoid vasculitis," "Atrophie blanche," "Livedo reticularis with summer ulceration," "Painful purpuric ulcers with reticular pattern of the lower extremities syndrome" (PURPLE syndrome), and "Segmental hyalinizing vasculitis") is a chronic cutaneous disease seen predominantly in young to middle-aged women, and can be divided into a primary or idiopathic form, and a secondary form, which has been associated with a number of diseases, including chronic venous hypertension and varicosities.
Meleda disease	640	Meleda disease (MDM) or "mal de Meleda", also called Mljet disease, keratosis palmoplantaris and transgradiens of siemens, (also known as "Acral keratoderma," "Mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma of the Gamborg-Nielsen type," "Palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type VIII", and "Palmoplantar keratoderma of the Norrbotten type") is an extremely rare autosomal recessive congenital skin disorder in which dry, thick patches of skin develop on the soles of the hands and feet, a condition known as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis.
Maimonides	634	Moshe ben Maimon (Hebrew: משה בן-מימון‎), or Mūsā ibn Maymūn (Arabic: موسى بن ميمون‎), acronymed Rambam (/ˈrɑːmbɑːm/; Hebrew: רמב"ם‎ – for "Rabbeinu Moshe Ben Maimon", "Our Rabbi/Teacher Moses Son of Maimon"), and Latinized Moses Maimonides (/maɪˈmɒnɪdiːz/ my-MON-i-deez), a preeminent medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher and astronomer, became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages.
Grigory Sarkisovich Grigoryants	632	Grigory Sarkisovich Grigoryants (Armenian: Գրիգոր Սարգիսի Գրիգորյանց; Russian: Григорий Саркисович Григорьянц;Cyrillic Uzbek: Григорий Саркисович Григорьянц) (August 10, 1919 – January 3, 1982) was a Soviet surgeon, an innovator and State recognized Doctor Emeritus of the Uzbek SSR He is best known for revolutionizing and developing medical surgical services in the Namangan Region.
Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases	630	Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases (also known as "Hyperkeratosis penetrans," "Hyperkeratosis punctata," "Keratodermia punctata," "Keratosis punctata," "Keratotic pits of the palmar creases," "Lenticular atrophia of the palmar creases," and "Punctate keratosis of the palmar creases") is a common skin disorder that occurs most often in black patients, with skin lesions that are 1 to 5mm depressions filled with a comedo-like keratinous plug.
Erythrokeratodermia variabilis	620	Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (also known as "Erythrokeratodermia figurata variabilis," "Keratosis extremitatum progrediens," "Keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens et progrediens," "Mendes da Costa syndrome," "Mendes da Costa type erythrokeratodermia," and "Progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma") is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that usually presents at birth or during the first year of life.
Luka (Voyno-Yasenetsky)	620	Archbishop Luka (Luke, Russian: Архиепи́скоп Лука́, born Valentin Felixovich Voyno-Yasenetsky, Russian: Валенти́н Фе́ликсович Во́йно-Ясене́цкий; April 27/May 9, 1877 in Kerch - June 11, 1961, Simferopol) was an outstanding surgeon, the founder of purulent surgery, a spiritual writer, a bishop of Russian Orthodox Church, and an archbishop of Simferopol and of the Crimea since May 1946.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia	618	Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (also known as: "Epithelioid hemangioma," "Histiocytoid hemangioma," "Inflammatory angiomatous nodule," "Intravenous atypical vascular proliferation," "Papular angioplasia," "Inflammatory arteriovenous hemangioma," and "Pseudopyogenic granuloma") usually presents with pink to red-brown, dome-shaped, dermal papules or nodules of the head or neck, especially about the ears and on the scalp.
Naxos syndrome	608	Naxos disease (also known as "Diffuse non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and cardiomyopathy," "Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy firstly described in Naxos island by Dr Nikos Protonotarios," and "Naxos disease") is a cutaneous condition characterized by a palmoplantar keratoderma.
Anesthesia	605	In the practice of medicine, especially surgery, and dentistry, anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek ἀν-, an-, "without"; and αἴσθησις, aisthēsis, "sensation"; see American and British English spelling differences) is an induced, temporary state with one or more of the following characteristics: analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (extreme muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), and unconsciousness.
Nasal glioma	596	Nasal glioma (also known more correctly as Nasal glial heterotopia, along with "Brain-like heterotopia," "Cephalic brain-like heterotopia," "Glial hamartoma," "Nasal cerebral heterotopia," "Heterotopic neuroglial tissue," and "Nasal heterotopic brain tissue") is a rare benign congenital lesion, usually a firm, incompressible, reddish-blue to purple lesion occurring on the nasal bridge or midline near the root.
Walter Jessop (surgeon)	589	Walter Hamilton Hylton Jessop FRCS (1853–1917), Hunterian Professor of comparative anatomy and physiology (1887-8), Ophthalmic Surgeon (to the Western General Dispensary, the Foundling Hospital and to the Children's Hospital at Paddington Green), Senior Ophthalmic Surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital (1901), President of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom (1915–17) and someone who ‘made a unique position for himself in the ophthalmological world and was probably the best known of English ophthalmic surgeons to his brethren on the Continent of Europe’.
Brain fingerprinting	584	Brain fingerprinting is a forensic science technique that uses electroencephalography (EEG) to determine whether specific information is stored in a subject's brain by measuring electrical brainwaves and recording a brain response known as a P300-MERMER (memory and encoding related multifaceted electroencephalographic response) in response to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen (Encyclopedia of Forensic Science 2014, Farwell & Smith 2001, Farwell, Richardson, and Richardson 2013).
Defence Services Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Science	564	The Defence Services Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Science (DSINPS) (Burmese: တပ်မတော် သူနာပြု နှင့် ဆေးဘက် ပညာသည် တက္ကသိုလ်, pronounced: [taʔmədɔ̀ θùnàpjṵ n̥ɪ̰ɴ sʰébɛʔ pjɪ̀ɴɲàðɛ̀ tɛʔkəθò]), located in Mingaladon, Yangon, is one of military-run institutes of higher learning in Myanmar.
Wilhelm Weinberg	552	Dr Wilhelm Weinberg (Stuttgart, December 25, 1862 – Tübingen, November 27, 1937) was a German physician and obstetrician-gynecologist, practicing in Stuttgart, who in a 1908 paper (Jahresheft des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg (Annals of the Society of the National Natural History in Württemberg) published in German, expressed the concept that would later come to be known as the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Sex differences in medicine	547	Sex differences in medicine include sex-specific diseases or conditions which occur only in people of one sex (for example, prostate cancer in males or uterine cancer in females); sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more common to one sex (for example, systemic lupus erythematosus occurs predominantly in females); and diseases which occur at similar rates in males and females but manifest differently according to sex (for example, peripheral artery disease).
Diprosopus	544	Diprosopus (Greek διπρόσωπος, "two-faced", from δι-, di-, "two" and πρόσωπον, prósopon [neuter], "face", "person"; with Latin ending), also known as craniofacial duplication (cranio- from Greek κρανίον, "skull", the other parts Latin), is an extremely rare congenital disorder whereby parts (accessories) or all of the face are duplicated on the head.
South Western Ambulance Service	543	The South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust (SWASFT) is the organisation responsible for providing ambulance services for the National Health Service (NHS) across South West England (the counties and unitary authorities of Bristol, Bath and North East Somerset, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, North Somerset, the Isles of Scilly, Somerset, South Gloucestershire and Wiltshire).
Coronary artery bypass surgery	543	Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage") surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery, is a surgical procedure consisting of either diverting the left internal thoracic artery (left internal mammary artery or "LIMA") to the left anterior descending (LAD) branch of the left main coronary artery; or a harvested great saphenous vein of the leg, attaching the proximal end to the aorta or one of its major branches, and the distal end to immediately beyond a partially obstructed coronary artery (the "target vessel") - usually a 50% to 99% obstruction.
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis	539	The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA or HTPA axis), also known as the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (LHPA axis) and, occasionally, as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal–gonadotropic axis, is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the hypothalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).
Trocar	539	A trocar (variant: trochar; from French: via troquard, alteration of trois-quarts from trois (three) + quart (quarter), i.e., 'three-quarters', term first recorded in the Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences, 1694, by Thomas Corneille, younger brother of Pierre Corneille) is a medical device that is made up of an obturator (which may be a metal or plastic sharpened or non-bladed tip), a cannula (basically a hollow tube), and a seal.
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy	538	Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (also known as "Acute hemorrhagic edema of childhood," "Finkelstein's disease," "Infantile postinfectious iris-like purpura and edema," "Medallion-like purpura," "Purpura en cocarde avec oedema," and "Seidlmayer syndrome") is a skin condition that affects children under the age of two with a recent history of upper respiratory illness, a course of antibiotics, or both.
Brown-Séquard syndrome	532	Brown-Séquard syndrome (also known as Brown-Séquard's hemiplegia, Brown-Séquard's paralysis, hemiparaplegic syndrome, hemiplegia et hemiparaplegia spinalis, or spinal hemiparaplegia) is caused by damage to one half of the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis and loss of proprioception on the same (or ipsilateral) side as the injury or lesion, and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite (or contralateral) side as the lesion.
Perforating calcific elastosis	526	Perforating calcific elastosis (also known as "Localized acquired cutaneous pseudoxanthoma elasticum," "Perforating periumbilical calcific elastosis," and "Periumbilical perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum") is an acquired, localized cutaneous disorder, most frequently found in obese, multiparous, middle-aged women, characterized by lax, well-circumscribed, reticulated or cobble-stoned plaques occurring in the periumbilical region with keratotic surface papules.
Palliative sedation	519	In medicine, specifically in end-of-life care, palliative sedation (also known as terminal sedation, continuous deep sedation, or sedation for intractable distress in the dying/of a dying patient) is the palliative practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill person in the last hours or days of a dying patient's life, usually by means of a continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion of a sedative drug, or by means of a specialized catheter designed to provide comfortable and discreet administration of ongoing medications via the rectal route.
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration	518	Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), also known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 1 (NBIA1) and formerly called Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome (use of this eponym is somewhere discouraged due to Hallervorden and Spatz's affiliation with the Nazi regime and the ethically questionable manner in which they acted), is a degenerative disease of the brain that can lead to parkinsonism, dystonia, dementia, and ultimately death.
Interventional pain management	517	Interventional pain management or interventional pain medicine is a subspecialty of the medical specialty, pain management, devoted to the use of invasive techniques such as facet joint injections, nerve blocks (interrupting the flow of pain signals along specific nervous system pathways), neuroaugmentation (including spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation), vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, nucleoplasty, endoscopic discectomy, percutaneous spine fusion and implantable drug delivery systems.
Prurigo gestationis	515	Prurigo gestationis (also called "Besnier prurigo", "Early-onset prurigo of pregnancy," "Linear IgM dermatosis of pregnancy," "Papular dermatitis of pregnancy," "Prurigo of pregnancy", and "Spangler's papular dermatitis of pregnancy") is an eruption consisting of pruritic, excoriated papules of the proximal limbs and upper trunk, most often occurring between the 20th and 34th week of gestation.
Calcific tendinitis	512	Calcific tendinitis (also calcific/calcifying/calcified/calcareous tendinitis/tendonitis/tendinopathy, tendinosis calcarea, hydroxyapatite deposition disease (HADD) and calcific periarthritis), a form of tendinitis, is a disorder characterized by deposits of hydroxyapatite (a crystalline calcium phosphate) in any tendon of the body, but most commonly in the tendons of the rotator cuff (shoulder), causing pain and inflammation.
Wilderness Emergency Medical Technician	510	Wilderness Emergency Medical Technician (WEMT) is the second highest level of wilderness emergency medical training available in the USA, second to Wilderness Advanced Life Support (WALS) or other courses for advanced providers such as AWLS (Advanced Wilderness Life Support), WUMP (Wilderness Upgrade for Medical Professionals), WMPP (Wilderness Medicine for Professional Practitioner), and RMAP (Remote Medicine for Advanced Providers).
QRISK	505	QRISK2 (the most recent version of QRISK) is a prediction algorithm for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that uses traditional risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, smoking status and ratio of total serum cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) together with body mass index, ethnicity, measures of deprivation, family history, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, and antihypertensive treatment.
Berne Convention (1906)	499	The Berne Convention (formally, the International Convention respecting the Prohibition of the Use of White (Yellow) Phosphorus in the Manufacture of Matches (French: Convention internationale sur l'interdiction de l'emploi du phosphore blanc (jaune) dans l'industrie des allumettes)) of 1906 is a multilateral treaty negotiated in Berne, Switzerland, which prohibits the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches.
Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei	489	Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei (also known as "Folliculitis rubra," "Keratosis pilaris rubra atrophicans faciei," "Lichen pilare," "Lichen pilaire ou xerodermie pilaire symetrique de la face," "Ulerythema ophryogenes," and "Xerodermie pilaire symetrique de la face") begins in infancy as follicular papules with perifollicular erythema.
Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis	489	Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud (also known as "Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis," "CRP", "CARP", "Familial cutaneous papillomatosis," and "Familial occurrence of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis") is an uncommon but distinctive acquired ichthyosiform dermatosis characterized by persistent dark, scaly, papules and plaques that tend to be localized predominantly on the central trunk.
Farber disease	489	Farber disease (also known as Farber's lipogranulomatosis, ceramidase deficiency, "Fibrocytic dysmucopolysaccharidosis," and "Lipogranulomatosis") is an extremely rare (80 cases reported worldwide to this day) autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease marked by a deficiency in the enzyme ceramidase that causes an accumulation of fatty material lipids leading to abnormalities in the joints, liver, throat, tissues and central nervous system.
Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta	479	Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (also known as "acute guttate parapsoriasis", "acute parapsoriasis", "acute pityriasis lichenoides", "Mucha–Habermann disease", "parapsoriasis acuta", "parapsoriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta", and "parapsoriasis varioliformis") is a disease of the immune system.
Stomatitis nicotina	477	Stomatitis nicotina (also known as nicotine stomatitis, nicotinic stomatitis, nicotine palatinus, stomatitis palatini, leukokeratosis nicotina palate, palatal leukokeratosis, smoker's keratosis, smoker's palate, and smoker's patches), is a diffuse white patch on the hard palate, usually caused by tobacco smoking, usually pipe or cigar smoking.
Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris	475	Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (also known as "Pustulosis of palms and soles," "Palmoplantar pustulosis," "Persistent palmoplantar pustulosis," "Pustular psoriasis of the Barber type," and "Pustular psoriasis of the extremities") is a chronic recurrent pustular dermatosis localized on the palms and soles only, characterized histologically by intraepidermal vesicles filled with neutrophils.
Karen Kyandaryan	475	Karen Alexander Kyandaryan (Armenian: Կարեն Ալեքսանդրի Քյանդարյան, Russian: Карен Александрович Кяндарян; January 11, 1925 - May 25, 2013) was a prominent Armenian medical scientist, a professor of cardiology and radiology, an internationally recognised expert in the field of Ebstein's anomaly diagnostics, a founder of several cardiovascular and radiological institutions in Yerevan, Armenia.
Hallermann–Streiff syndrome	473	Hallermann–Streiff syndrome (also known as oculomandibulofacial syndrome, François dyscephalic syndrome, Hallermann–Streiff–François syndrome, oculomandibulodyscephaly with hypotrichosis, Aubry syndrome, and Ullrich-Fremery-Dohna syndrome) is a congenital disorder that affects growth, cranial development, hair growth and dental development.
Miller–Dieker syndrome	472	Miller–Dieker syndrome (abbreviated MDS), Miller–Dieker lissencephaly syndrome (MDLS), and chromosome 17p13.3 deletion syndrome) is a micro deletion syndrome characterized by congenital malformations (a physical defect detectable in an infant at birth which can involve many different parts of the body including the brain, hearts, lungs, liver, bones, or intestinal tract).
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder	472	Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) also known as Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS), Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) or complex trauma is a psychological injury that results from protracted exposure to prolonged social, interpersonal and/or psychological trauma in the context of dependence, captivity or entrapment (a situation or event lacking a viable escape route for the victim), gaslighting and/or false accusations which results in the lack or loss of control, helplessness, and deformations of identity and sense of self.
Surgery	469	Surgery (from the Greek: χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via Latin: chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, a perforated ear drum).
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis	465	Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) ("multifocal" because it can erupt in different sites, primarily bones; "osteomyelitis" because it is very similar to that disease but appears to be without any infection), also known as chronic recurring multifocal osteomyelitis, is a rare condition (1:1,000,000), in which the bones have lesions, inflammation, and pain.
Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema	463	Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema (also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia, or hand-foot syndrome) is reddening, swelling, numbness and desquamation (skin sloughing or peeling) on palms of the hands and soles of the feet (and, occasionally, on the knees, elbows, and elsewhere) that can occur after chemotherapy in patients with cancer.
Stuttering	461	Stuttering (/ˈstʌtərɪŋ/) or stammering (/ˈstæmərɪŋ/) (more generally the first in US and the second in British usage) (alalia syllabaris, alalia literalis or anarthria literalis) is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis	456	Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis (also known as "Idiopathic palmoplantar hidradenitis," "Idiopathic plantar hidradenitis", "Painful plantar erythema," "Palmoplantar eccrine hidradenitis", "Plantar panniculitis") is primarily a disorder of healthy children and young adults, characterized by lesions that are primarily painful, subcutaneous nodules on the plantar surface, resembling erythema nodosum.
Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms	454	Multiple sclerosis can cause a variety of symptoms: changes in sensation (hypoesthesia), muscle weakness, abnormal muscle spasms, or difficulty moving; difficulties with coordination and balance; problems in speech (dysarthria) or swallowing (dysphagia), visual problems (nystagmus, optic neuritis, phosphenes or diplopia), fatigue and acute or chronic pain syndromes, bladder and bowel difficulties, cognitive impairment, or emotional symptomatology (mainly major depression).
Pityriasis lichenoides chronica	454	Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (also known as "Chronic guttate parapsoriasis," "Chronic pityriasis lichenoides," "Dermatitis psoriasiformis nodularis," "Parapsoriasis chronica," and "Parapsoriasis lichenoides chronica" "PLC") is an uncommon, idiopathic, acquired dermatosis, characterized by evolving groups of erythematous, scaly papules that may persist for months.
Medical history	453	The medical history or (medical) case history (also called anamnesis, especially historically) (often abbreviated hx or Hx) of a patient is information gained by a physician by asking specific questions, either of the patient or of other people who know the person and can give suitable information (in this case, it is sometimes called heteroanamnesis), with the aim of obtaining information useful in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient.
Waldemar Haffkine	453	Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine, CIE (Russian: Мордехай-Вольф Хавкин; in some publications in French: Mardochée-Woldemar Khawkine) (15 March 1860, Odessa, Russian Empire - 26 October 1930, Lausanne, Switzerland) was a Russian Empire Jewish bacteriologist, whose career was blighted in Russia because "he refused to convert to Russian Orthodoxy."
Pulmonary wedge pressure	450	The pulmonary wedge pressure or PWP, or cross-sectional pressure (also called the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure or PAWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or PCWP, pulmonary venous wedge pressure or PVWP, or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure or PAOP), is the pressure measured by wedging a pulmonary catheter with an inflated balloon into a small pulmonary arterial branch.
Peeling skin syndrome	449	Peeling skin syndrome (also known as "Acral peeling skin syndrome," "Continual peeling skin syndrome," "Familial continual skin peeling," "Idiopathic deciduous skin," and "Keratolysis exfoliativa congenita") is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by lifelong peeling of the stratum corneum, and may be associated with pruritus, short stature, and easily removed anagen hair.
Sensory cortex	446	The sensory cortex can refer informally to the primary somatosensory cortex, or it can be used as an umbrella term for the primary and secondary cortices of the different senses (two cortices each, on left and right hemisphere): the visual cortex on the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex on the temporal lobes, the primary olfactory cortex on the uncus of the piriform region of the temporal lobes, the gustatory cortex on the insular lobe (also referred to as the insular cortex), and the primary somatosensory cortex on the anterior parietal lobes.
Bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome	446	Bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome (also known as "Bowel bypass syndrome," "Bowel bypass syndrome without bowel bypass," and "Intestinal bypass arthritis–dermatitis syndrome") is characterized by diarrhea with resultant malabsorption, arthritis and skin lesions, and it is seen in patients who have undergone intestinal bypass surgery, have blind loops of bowel following surgery, had biliopancreatic diversion or have gastrointestinal disorders.
Infectious mononucleosis	446	Infectious mononucleosis (IM; also known as mono, glandular fever, Pfeiffer's disease, Filatov's disease, and sometimes colloquially as the kissing disease from its transmission by saliva) is an infectious, widespread viral disease most commonly caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), one type of herpes virus, against which over 90% of adults are likely to have acquired immunity by the age of 40.
University of Medical Technology, Mandalay	444	The University of Medical Technology, Mandalay (Burmese: ဆေးဘက်‌ဆိုင်ရာ နည်းပညာ တက္ကသိုလ် (မန္တလေး), pronounced: [sʰébɛʔ sʰàɪɴjà nípjɪ̀ɴɲà tɛʔkəθò (máɴdəlé)]; formerly, the Institute of Paramedical Science, Mandalay), located in Patheingyi, Mandalay, is one of three institutions of higher learning specialized in paramedical science in Myanmar.
Ataque de nervios	441	Ataque de nervios (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈtake ðe ˈnerβjos], Portuguese: ataque de nervos, pronounced: [ɐˈtaki dʒi ˈneʁvus] or [ɐˈtakɨ ðɨ ˈneɾvuʃ], also known as "Puerto Rican syndrome") is a psychological syndrome most associated in the United States with Spanish-speaking people from the Caribbean although commonly identified among all Iberian-descended cultures.
Epulis fissuratum	440	Epulis fissuratum (also termed inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, denture-induced fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia, denture injury tumor, denture epulis, denture induced granuloma, and granuloma fissuratum) is a benign hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue which develops as a reactive lesion to chronic mechanical irritation produced by the flange of a poorly fitting denture.
Atypical antipsychotic	440	The atypical antipsychotics (AAP; also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs)) are a group of antipsychotic drugs (antipsychotic drugs in general are also known as major tranquilisers and neuroleptics, although the latter is usually reserved for the typical antipsychotics) used to treat psychiatric conditions.
Smokeless tobacco keratosis	440	Smokeless tobacco keratosis (abbreviated to STK, also termed snuff dippers' keratosis, smokeless tobacco-associated keratosis, snuff pouch, snuff dipper's lesion, tobacco pouch keratosis, or spit tobacco keratosis) is a condition which develops on the oral mucosa (the lining of the mouth) in response to smokeless tobacco use.
Burning mouth syndrome	435	Burning mouth syndrome (BMS also termed glossodynia, orodynia, oral dysaesthesia, glossopyrosis, stomatodynia, burning tongue, stomatopyrosis, sore tongue, burning tongue syndrome, burning mouth, or sore mouth) is the complaint of a burning sensation in the mouth where no underlying dental or medical cause can be identified and no oral signs are found.
John R. Brinkley	433	John Romulus Brinkley (later John Richard Brinkley; July 8, 1885 – May 26, 1942) was a controversial American who fraudulently claimed to be a medical doctor (he had no legitimate medical education and bought his medical degree from a "diploma mill") who became known as the "goat-gland doctor" after he achieved national fame, international notoriety and great wealth through the xenotransplantation of goat testicles into humans.
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia	431	Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (also known as "Masson's hemangio-endotheliome vegetant intravasculaire," "Masson's lesion," "Masson's pseudoangiosarcoma," "Masson's tumor," and "Papillary endothelial hyperplasia") may mimic angiosarcoma, with lesions that are red or purplish 5-mm to 5-cm papules and deep nodules on the head, neck, or upper extremities.
Norethisterone acetate	431	Norethisterone acetate (INN, BAN), also known as norethindrone acetate (USAN), sold under brand names including Aygestin, Gestakadin, Milligynon, Monogest, Norlutate (Canada, USA distributed by ERFA Canada 2012 Inc.), Primolut (Fr., Ger., Swed.), Sovel, Styptin, and others, is a steroidal progestin with additional antigonadotropic (and hence antiandrogen and antiestrogen) effects that is used as a hormonal contraceptive.
Thrombin	430	Thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5, fibrinogenase, thrombase, thrombofort, topical, thrombin-C, tropostasin, activated blood-coagulation factor II, blood-coagulation factor IIa, factor IIa, E thrombin, beta-thrombin, gamma-thrombin) is a serine protease that in humans is encoded by the F2 gene.
Tufted angioma	430	A tufted angioma (also known as an "Acquired tufted angioma," "Angioblastoma," "Angioblastoma of Nakagawa," "Hypertrophic hemangioma," "Progressive capillary hemangioma," and "Tufted hemangioma") usually develops in infancy or early childhood on the neck and upper trunk, and is an ill-defined, dull red macule with a mottled appearance, varying from 2 to 5 cm in diameter.
Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane	428	The Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane (also called the Land-Grant Bill For Indigent Insane Persons, formally the bill "Making a grant of public lands to the several States for the benefit of indigent insane persons") was proposed legislation that would have established asylums for the indigent insane, and also blind, deaf, and dumb, via federal land grants to the states.
Brain abscess	426	Brain abscess (or cerebral abscess) is an abscess caused by inflammation and collection of infected material, coming from local (ear infection, dental abscess, infection of paranasal sinuses, infection of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone, epidural abscess) or remote (lung, heart, kidney etc.) infectious sources, within the brain tissue.
Delmadinone acetate	425	Delmadinone acetate (INN, USAN, BAN) (brand names Delmate, Estrex, Tardak, Tardastren, Tardastrex, Vetadinon, Zenadrex), sometimes abbreviated as DMA, and also known as 1,6-bisdehydro-6-chloro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone, is a steroidal progestin with antigonadotropic (and hence, antiandrogenic and antiestrogenic) properties which is used to treat androgen-associated conditions in veterinary medicine.
Managed care	425	The term managed care or managed health care is used in the United States to describe a variety of techniques intended to reduce the cost of providing health benefits and improve the quality of care ("managed care techniques"), for organizations that use those techniques or provide them as services to other organizations ("managed care organization" or "MCO"), or to describe systems of financing and delivering health care to enrollees organized around managed care techniques and concepts ("managed care delivery systems").
Munchausen by Internet	422	Munchausen by Internet is a pattern of behavior akin to Munchausen syndrome (a psychiatric factitious disorder wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves) in which Internet users seek attention by feigning illnesses in online venues such as chat rooms, message boards, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
White sponge nevus	422	White sponge nevus (WSN, or white sponge naevus, Cannon's disease, hereditary leukokeratosis of mucosa, white sponge nevus of Cannon, familial white folded dysplasia, or oral epithelial nevus), is an autosomal dominant condition of the oral mucosa (the mucous membrane lining of the mouth).
Chlormadinone acetate	422	Chlormadinone acetate (INN, USAN, BAN, JAN) (sold under brand names including Clordion, Gestafortin, Lormin, Non-Ovlon, Normenon, Verton, and many others), sometimes abbreviated as CMA, and also known as 17α-acetoxy-6-chloro-6-dehydroprogesterone, is a steroidal progestin with additional antiandrogen and antigonadotropic (and by extension antiestrogenic) effects.
Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis	417	Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (also known as "Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis," "Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis," "Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis," and "Hypersensitivity angiitis") is inflammation of small blood vessels (usually post-capillary venules in the dermis), characterized by palpable purpura.
Pastia's lines	416	Pastia's sign, Pastia lines, or Thompson's sign is a clinical sign in which pink or red lines formed of confluent petechiae are found in skin creases, particularly the crease in the antecubital fossa, the soft inside depression on the inside of the arm; the folding crease divides this fossa where the forearm meets the (upper) arm (the biceps, triceps, humerus section of the upper extremity); the inside of the elbow (the inside flexor depression (fossa) of the elbow.
Medical humanities	415	Medical humanities is an interdisciplinary field of medicine which includes the humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history and religion), social science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, sociology, health geography) and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts) and their application to medical education and practice.
Stafne defect	412	The Stafne defect (also termed Stafne's idiopathic bone cavity, Stafne bone cyst, lingual mandibular salivary gland depression, lingual mandibular cortical defect, latent bone cyst, or static bone cyst) is a depression of the mandible on the lingual surface (the side nearest the tongue).
Valenzuela City Fire Department	410	The Valenzuela City Fire Department (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Pamatay Sunog ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela) also known as the Valenzuela City Central Fire Station is an agency of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) specifically under the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region responsible for implementing national policies related to Firefighting and Protection as well as implementation of the Philippine Fire Code (PD 1185), which was repealed and replaced by the New Fire Code of the Philippines (RA 9514).
ACTH stimulation test	409	The ACTH test (also called the cosyntropin, tetracosactide, or Synacthen test) is a medical test usually ordered and interpreted by endocrinologists to assess the functioning of the adrenal glands stress response by measuring the adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; corticotropin) or another corticotropic agent such as tetracosactide (cosyntropin, tetracosactrin; Synacthen) or alsactide (Synchrodyn).
Raccoon eyes	408	Raccoon eye/eyes (also known in the United Kingdom and Ireland as panda eyes, though that term commonly refers to excess or smeared dark make-up around the eyes, or to dark rings around the eyes) or periorbital ecchymosis is a sign of basal skull fracture or subgaleal hematoma, a craniotomy that ruptured the meninges, or (rarely) certain cancers.
Cicatricial pemphigoid	404	Cicatricial pemphigoid (also known as "Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid", "MMP", "Benign mucosal pemphigoid," "Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid," "Ocular pemphigus," and "Scarring pemphigoid") is a rare chronic autoimmune subepithelial blistering disease characterized by erosive skin lesions of the mucous membranes and skin that results in scarring of at least some sites of involvement.
Pyogenic granuloma	403	Pyogenic granuloma (also known as a "Eruptive hemangioma", "Granulation tissue-type hemangioma", "Granuloma gravidarum", "Lobular capillary hemangioma", "Pregnancy tumor", and "Tumor of pregnancy") is a vascular lesion that occurs on both mucosa and skin, and appears as an overgrowth of tissue due to irritation, physical trauma or hormonal factors.
Biological engineering	402	Biological engineering or bioengineering (including biological systems engineering) is the application of concepts and methods of biology (and secondarily of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science) to solve real-world problems related to SSBS life sciences or the application thereof, using engineering's own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution(s) arrived at.
Physical disorder	401	A physical disorder (as a medical term) is often used as a term in contrast to a mental disorder, in an attempt to differentiate medical disorders that have an available mechanical test (such as chemical tests or brain scans), from those disorders which have no laboratory or imaging test, and are diagnosed only by behavioral syndrome (such as those in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Leukoplakia	401	Leukoplakia (also termed leucoplakia, leukokeratosis, leukoplasia, idiopathic leukoplakia, idiopathic keratosis, or idiopathic white patch), normally refers to a condition where areas of keratosis appear as firmly attached white patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, although the term is sometimes used for white patches of other gastrointestinal tract mucosal sites, or mucosal surfaces of the urinary tract and genitals.
Rorschach test	400	The Rorschach test (/ˈrɔrʃɑːk/ or /ˈrɔərʃɑːk/, German pronunciation: [ˈʀoːɐ̯ʃax]; also known as the Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, or simply the inkblot test) is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both.