Vayu (वायु), Wayu or Hayu (हायु) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal by about 1,520 people in Bagmati Province. Dialects include Pali gau (पालि गाउ) Mudajor Sukajor Ramechhap Sindhuli and Marin Khola.
| Vayu | |
|---|---|
| Hayu | |
| वायु, हायु | |
| Native to | Nepal |
| Region | Janakpur Zone |
Native speakers | 1,500 (2011 census)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | vay |
| Glottolog | wayu1241 |
| ELP | Wayu |
The Vayu language features SOV ordering. There are strong Nepali influences in its phonology, lexicon, and grammar. Its writing system uses the Devanagari script. There are no known monolingual speakers of the language, as its speaking population also uses Nepali.[1] Despite a lack of monolingual children, use of Vayu has survived into the 21st century [2]
Phonology
edit| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | a | |
| bilabial | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| plosive | plain | p | t | ts | c [tɕ] | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dz | ɟ [dʑ] | g | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | kʰ | |||
| fricative | s | x | h | ||||
| tap | ɾ | ||||||
| lateral | voiceless | ɬ | |||||
| voiced | l | ||||||
| semivowel | w | j | |||||
Grammar
edita-mʊ
3S-GEN
kɔ
TOP
lɔm-nɔŋ
road-on
kɔ
TOP
nakpu
two:HUM
xʷaptsɔ
spouse
dum –
become:23S
kɛm-hɛ
house-in
kɔlu
one
xʷaptsɔ
spouse
nɔ […]
be:23S
dzəmmə
all
kɔ
TOP
tsʰukpu
three:HUM
dŭmɛ
become:3P
‘Now he had two wives on the road – he had one at home – altogether they were three.’
Geographical distribution
editHayu is spoken in the following locations of Nepal.[1]
- Ramechhap District, Bagmati Province: Mudajor and Sukajor villages
- Sindhuli District: Manedihi village
Hayu is spoken in the Sunkoshi valley, southwards across the Mahabharat range. Ethnic Hayu live on the hills on both sides of the Sun Kosi River but the language is only spoken in the villages listed.
References
editBibliography
edit- Boyd Michailovsky (1988) La langue hayu. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
- Boyd Michailovsky (2003) "Hayu". In Graham Thurgood & Randy LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 518–532. London & New York: Routledge.
- George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
Further reading
edit- Hodgson, B. (1857). Váyu Vocabulary. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 26. 372–485.
- Hodgson, B. (1858). On the Vayu tribe of the Central Himalaya. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 27. 443–6.
- Michailovsky, B. (1973). Notes on the Hayu language. Kailash : A Journal of Himalayan Studies, 1(2), 135–152.
- Michailovsky, B. (1974). Hayu Typology and Verbal Morphology. Linguistics Of The Tibeto-Burman Area, 11–26.
- Michailovsky, B. (1976). A Case of Rhinoglottophilia in Hayu. Linguistics Of The Tibeto-Burman Area, 2293.
- Park, I. (1995). Grammaticalization of Verbs in Three Tibeto-Burman Languages. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55(8), 2369A.
- Sherard, M. (1986). Morphological Structure of the Pronominal and Verb Systems in Two Pronominalized Himalayan Languages. In J. McCoy, T. Light (Eds.), Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (pp. 172–199). Leiden: Brill.
- Yadava, Y. P., Glover, W. W. (1999). Topics in Nepalese Linguistics. In Yadava, Yogendra P. and Warren W. Glover (eds.) Kamaladi, Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. p. 603.
External links
edit- Hayu recordings from COCOON, COllections de COrpus Oraux Numériques
- Endangered Languages Profile for Hayu
 | This Sino-Tibetan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |