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Mayor of Chicago

(Redirected from Vice Mayor of Chicago)

The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments, submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, and members of city boards and commissions.

Mayor of Chicago
Seal of the City of Chicago
since May 15, 2023
Government of Chicago
Style
  • His Honor
  • The Honorable
Term length4 years
Inaugural holderWilliam B. Ogden
Formation1837
SuccessionVice mayor of Chicago
Salary$216,210
WebsiteOfficial website

During sessions of the city council, the mayor serves as the presiding officer. The mayor is not allowed to vote on issues except in certain instances, most notably where the vote taken on a matter before the body results in a tie.

The office of mayor was created when Chicago became a city in 1837.

History

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William B. Ogden was the first mayor of Chicago.
 
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry leaving "The Fifth Floor" office of the mayor in 2016

The first mayor was William B. Ogden (1837–1838). Forty-six men and two women (Jane Byrne, 1979–1983, and Lori Lightfoot, 2019–2023), have held the office. Two sets of father and son have been elected Mayor of Chicago: Carter Harrison, Sr. (1879–1887, 1893) and Carter Harrison, Jr. (1897–1905, 1911–1915), as well as Richard J. Daley (1955–1976) and Richard M. Daley (1989–2011). Carter Harrison, Jr. was the first mayor to have been born in the city.

As an interim mayor, David Duvall Orr (1987) held the office for one week, the shortest time period. Richard M. Daley was elected six times becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, his 22 years surpassing his father's record of 21 years.[1]

The first Irish Catholic mayor was John Patrick Hopkins (1893–1895), and Rahm Emanuel (2011–2019) is the only Jewish American to have served as mayor.

Harold Washington (1983–1987) was the first African American mayor. Lightfoot (2019–2023) was the city's first African American woman and first LGBT mayor. Brandon Johnson (2023–present) is the fourth African American mayor, Eugene Sawyer (1987–1989) having been selected by the council after Washington died in office.

Appointment powers

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The mayor appoints the commissioner of the Chicago Fire Department, the superintendent of the Chicago Police Department and the heads of other departments,[2] the largest of which are the Water Management Department (formed by the consolidation of the former Water Department and Sewer Department under Richard M. Daley), and the Streets & Sanitation Department. The mayor also appoints members to the boards of several special-purpose governmental bodies including City Colleges of Chicago, Chicago Park District, Chicago Public Library, Chicago Housing Authority, Chicago Transit Authority, and the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority. Under Richard M. Daley, the Illinois legislature granted the mayor power to appoint the governing board and chief executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools and subordinated the district to the mayor; the district had long been an independent unit of government.

The Chicago City Clerk and City Treasurer of Chicago are elected separately, as are the 50 alderpersons who form the city council. The mayor is empowered, however, to fill vacancies in any of these 52 elected offices by appointment. In turn, the city council elects one of its own to fill a mayoral vacancy.

By charter, Chicago has a "weak-mayor" system, in which most of the power is vested in the city council. In practice, however, the mayor of Chicago has long been one of the most powerful municipal chief executives in the nation. Unlike in most other weak-mayor systems, the mayor has the power to draw up the budget. For most of the 20th century, before the decline of patronage and the mayor's office becoming officially nonpartisan in 1999, the mayor was the de facto leader of the city's Democratic Party, and had great influence over the ward organizations.[3] Located in City Hall, "the fifth floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for the office and power of the mayor.[4]

Election and succession

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Main article: Mayoral elections in Chicago

The mayor of Chicago is elected by popular vote every four years, on the last Tuesday in February. A run-off election, in case no candidate garners more than fifty percent of the vote, is held on the first Tuesday in April. The election is held on a non-partisan basis. Chicago is the largest city in the United States not to limit the term of service for its mayor.

In accordance with Illinois law,[5][6] the city council elects a vice mayor who serves as interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury, until the city council elects one of its members acting mayor or until the mayoral term expires.[6][7] However, if a vacancy occurs in the office of mayor with more than 28 months remaining in the mayoral term and at least 130 days before the next general municipal election, then a special election must be held to choose a new mayor to serve out the remainder of the term at that general municipal election; if a vacancy occurs with fewer than 28 months remaining in the mayoral term or fewer than 130 days before the next general municipal election, then the acting mayor serves as mayor until the mayoral term expires.

The order-of succession involving the vice mayor was made concrete following disputes that arose in the aftermath of the death in office of Richard J. Daley, and was subsequently implemented following the death in office of Harold Washington, which saw Vice Mayor David Orr become acting mayor.[8] Prior to this, the city had vague succession laws which indicated that the president pro tempore of the City Council would succeed as mayor. This was not followed after the death of Daley, and the city council appointed Michael Bilandic acting mayor instead of having pro tempore Wilson Frost become mayor,[9] due to City Corporation Counsel William R. Quinlan ruling that, since the city did not have a statute specifically outlining succession, the City Council would need to elect the interim mayor.[10]

Six instances have seen the City Council appoint either an acting mayor, acting mayor pro tempore, or interim mayor.

In the absence of the mayor during meetings of the city council, the president pro tempore of the city council, who is a member of and elected by the city council, acts as presiding officer. Unlike the mayor, the president pro tempore can vote on all legislative matters. If neither the mayor nor pro tempore can preside, the vice mayor presides.[11]

List of mayors

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Joseph Medill (#26) was the first foreign-born mayor.
 
John Patrick Hopkins (#35) was the youngest and the first Catholic mayor.
 
William Hale Thompson (#41) was the last Republican mayor of Chicago.
 
Jane Byrne (#50) was the first female mayor.
 
Harold Washington (#51) was the first African American mayor.
 
Richard M. Daley (#54) was the longest-serving mayor (22 years).
 
Lori Lightfoot (#56) was the first African American woman mayor of Chicago.

Between 1833 and 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a town and headed by town presidents. Since 1837, it has been incorporated as a city and headed by mayors.

The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was changed to two years. In 1907, it was changed again, this time to four years. Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation moved them to April. In 1869, however, election day was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were changed. In 1875, election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872.

#No.[12] Image Name Term start Term end Terms Years   Party
Town presidents
1 Thomas Jefferson Vance Owen August 12, 1833 August 11, 1834 1 1 None
2
John H. Kinzie 1834 May 1837 3 3 years Whig
Mayors
1
William B. Ogden May 1837 March 1838 1 10 months Democratic
2
Buckner S. Morris 1838 1839 1 1 Whig
3
Benjamin W. Raymond 1839 1840 1 1 Whig
4
Alexander Loyd March 9, 1840 March 4, 1841 1 1 Democratic
5
Francis C. Sherman March 4, 1841 March 7, 1842 1 1 Democratic
6
Benjamin W. Raymond March 7, 1842 March 7, 1843 1 1 Whig
7
Augustus Garrett March 7, 1843 April 2, 1844 1 1 year,

1 month

Democratic
8
Alson Sherman April 2, 1844 March 10, 1845 1 11 months Independent Democratic
9
Augustus Garrett March 10, 1845 March 3, 1846 1 1 Democratic
10
John P. Chapin March 3, 1846 March 9, 1847 1 1 Whig
11
James Curtiss March 9, 1847 March 14, 1848 1 1 Democratic
12
James H. Woodworth March 14, 1848 March 12, 1850 2 2 Independent Democratic
13
James Curtiss March 12, 1850 March 11, 1851 1 1 Democratic
14
Walter S. Gurnee March 11, 1851 March 7, 1853 2 2 Democratic
15
Charles McNeill Gray March 7, 1853 March 15, 1854 1 1 Democratic
16
Isaac L. Milliken March 15, 1854 March 13, 1855 1 1 Democratic
17
Levi Boone March 13, 1855 March 11, 1856 1 1 American
(Know Nothing)
18
Thomas Dyer March 11, 1856 March 10, 1857 1 1 Democratic
19
John Wentworth March 10, 1857 March 2, 1858 1 1 Republican
20
John C. Haines March 2, 1858 March 22, 1860 2 2 Republican
21
John Wentworth March 22, 1860 May 6, 1861 1 1 year,

1.5 months

Democratic
22
Julian S. Rumsey May 6, 1861 May 5, 1862 1 1 Republican
23
Francis C. Sherman May 5, 1862 May 3, 1865 2 3 Democratic
24
John B. Rice May 3, 1865 December 6, 1869 2 4 years,

6 months

Republican
25
Roswell B. Mason December 6, 1869 December 4, 1871 1 2 Citizens
26
Joseph Medill December 4, 1871 August 22, 1873 1 2 Republican (Dry)
--
Lester L. Bond
(acting) 		August 22, 1873 December 1, 1873 -- 3 months Republican
27
Harvey Doolittle Colvin December 1, 1873 July 24, 1876 1 2 years,

8 months

Republican (Wet)
28
Monroe Heath July 24, 1876 April 28, 1879 2 2 years,

7 months

Republican
29
Carter Harrison Sr. April 28, 1879 April 18, 1887 4 8 Democratic
30
John A. Roche April 18, 1887 April 15, 1889 1 2 Republican
31
DeWitt C. Cregier April 15, 1889 April 27, 1891 1 2 Democratic
32
Hempstead Washburne April 27, 1891 April 17, 1893 1 2 Republican
33
Carter Harrison Sr. † April 17, 1893 October 28, 1893 1 6 months Democratic
34
George Bell Swift
(interim mayor) 		November 9, 1893 December 27, 1893 1⁄12 1⁄6 Republican
35
John P. Hopkins December 27, 1893 April 8, 1895 1 1 year,

4 months

Democratic
36
George Bell Swift April 8, 1895 April 15, 1897 1 2 Republican
37
Carter Harrison Jr. April 15, 1897 April 10, 1905 4 8 Democratic
38
Edward F. Dunne April 10, 1905 April 15, 1907 1 2 Democratic
39
Fred A. Busse April 15, 1907 April 17, 1911 1 4 Republican
40
Carter Harrison Jr. April 17, 1911 April 26, 1915 1 4 Democratic
41
William H. Thompson April 26, 1915 April 16, 1923 2 8 Republican
42
William E. Dever April 16, 1923 April 18, 1927 1 4 Democratic
43
William H. Thompson April 18, 1927 April 9, 1931 1 4 Republican
44
Anton Cermak † April 9, 1931 March 6, 1933 1 1 year,

11 months

Democratic
45   Frank J. Corr
(acting mayor) 		March 15, 1933 April 8, 1933 -- 24 days Democratic
46
Edward J. Kelly April 17, 1933 April 15, 1947 3 1⁄2 14 Democratic
47
Martin H. Kennelly April 15, 1947 April 20, 1955 2 8 Democratic
48
Richard J. Daley † April 20, 1955 December 20, 1976 6 21 years,

8 months

Democratic
49
Michael A. Bilandic December 20, 1976 April 16, 1979 1 2 years,

4 months

Democratic
50
Jane Byrne April 16, 1979 April 29, 1983 1 4 Democratic
51
Harold Washington † April 29, 1983 November 25, 1987 2 4 years,

7 months

Democratic
52
David Orr
(acting mayor)[13] 		November 25, 1987 December 2, 1987 -- 7 days Democratic
53
Eugene Sawyer December 2, 1987 April 24, 1989 1 1 year,

4.5 months

Democratic
54
Richard M. Daley April 24, 1989 May 16, 2011 6

(5 elected)

22 years,

1 month

Democratic1
55
Rahm Emanuel May 16, 2011 May 20, 2019 2 8 Democratic1
56
Lori Lightfoot May 20, 2019 May 15, 2023 1 4 Democratic1
57
Brandon Johnson May 15, 2023 incumbent 1 Democratic1

† Died/murdered in office.
1 Since 1999, mayoral elections have officially been nonpartisan. A 1995 Illinois law stipulated that "candidates for mayor ... no longer would run under party labels in Chicago". However, Richard M. Daley, Rahm Emanuel, Lori Lightfoot, and Brandon Johnson are known to be Democrats.[14]

Vice mayor

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Vice mayor of Chicago
 
Seal of the City of Chicago
since May 15, 2023
Inaugural holderCasey Laskowski
Formation1976
Salary$0[15]

In accordance with Illinois law, the city council elects a vice mayor who serves as interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury, until the city council elects one of its members acting mayor or until the mayoral term expires. The current vice mayor is Walter Burnett.

The position was created by a state law that was passed in response to the power struggle that took place over succession following Richard J. Daley's death in office.[9][15][16]

If neither the mayor nor president pro tempore can preside over a City Council meeting, then the vice mayor presides.[11]

The position was long considered to be largely ceremonial.[17][18][19] However, in 2023, Mayor Brandon Johnson successfully championed a resolution that gave the office a $400,000 budget. He also had his vice mayor, Burnett, act as an official community liaison for the mayoral administration.[20]

List of vice mayors

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Vice-Mayor Tenure Mayor(s) serve under Notes Citations
Casey Laskowski 1976–1979 Michael Bilandic [21][22]
Richard Mell 1979–1987 Jane Byrne
Harold Washington 		[23]
David Orr 1987–1988 Harold Washington
Eugene Sawyer 		Served as Acting Mayor for 1 week [8][24][25]
Terry Gabinski 1988–1998 Eugene Sawyer
Richard M. Daley 		[24][26]
Bernard Stone 1998–2011 Richard M. Daley [25][27][28]
Ray Suarez 2011–2015 Rahm Emanuel [17][18]
Brendan Reilly 2015–2019 Rahm Emanuel [29][30]
Tom Tunney 2019–2023 Lori Lightfoot [7]
Walter Burnett 2023–present Brandon Johnson [31]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "Daley now Chicago mayor 1 day longer than father" Archived 2011-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press December 26, 2010
  2. ^ Pratt, Gregory (May 22, 2018). "Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot announces key hires for her new administration, some Rahm Emanuel appointees will stay". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 22, 2019 – via MSN.
  3. ^ "Government, City of Chicago". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  4. ^ Shepard, Steven (February 26, 2019). "Black women make history in Chicago mayoral election". Politico. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  5. ^ "65 ILCS 20/21-5.1". Illinois General Assembly. Government of Illinois. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "About City Government & the Chicago City Council". City Clerk of Chicago. September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  7. ^ a b Spielman, Fran (May 17, 2019). "Lightfoot shakes up the City Council". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  8. ^ a b Pratt, Gregory (May 7, 2018). "Wilson Frost remembered: 'He should've been Chicago's first black mayor'". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  9. ^ a b King, Seth S. (December 29, 1976). "Bilandic, Lawyer and Daley Friend, Named Acting Mayor of Chicago". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  10. ^ Harold, the People's Mayor: The Biography of Harold Washington by Dempsey Travis, Agate Publishing, Dec 12, 2017
  11. ^ a b Krebs, Timothy B. "MONEY AND MACHINE POLITICS An Analysis of Corporate and Labor Contributions in Chicago City Council Elections" (PDF). Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  12. ^ "Chicago Mayors". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  13. ^ "Chicago Mayors, 1837-2007". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  14. ^ Hardy, Thomas (July 7, 1995). "Gov. Edgar To End City Partisan Votes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  15. ^ a b Devlin, Hugh (March 29, 2010). "Another City Council Stealth Budget". Chicago Talks. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  16. ^ "65 ILCS 20/21-5.1". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  17. ^ a b Spielman, Fran (May 20, 2015). "City Council shuffle rewards Emanuel allies". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015.
  18. ^ a b Dumke, Mick (May 18, 2011). "The first meeting of the new mayor and City Council is nothing if not efficient". Chicago Reader. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  19. ^ Dumke, Mick (January 5, 2006). "A Million Here, a Million There . . ". Chicago Reader. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  20. ^ Multiple sources
  21. ^ "CASIMIR LASKOWSKI, 84". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. August 18, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  22. ^ Colby, Peter W.; Peter W. Colby and Paul Michael Green, Paul Michael (February 1979). "The vote power of Chicago Democrats from Cermak to Bilandic The consolidation of clout". Illinois Issues: 20. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  23. ^ "Chicago City Council: Richard Mell". NBC Chicago. November 11, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  24. ^ a b Dold, R. Bruce (May 26, 1988). "COUNCIL REPLACES ORR AS VICE MAYOR". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  25. ^ a b Simpson, Dick (2018). Rogues, Rebels, And Rubber Stamps: The Politics Of The Chicago City Council, 1863 To The Present. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-97719-0. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  26. ^ Tribune, Chicago (May 5, 1988). "GABINSKI'S TOP AIDE LIKELY TO SUCCEED HIM". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  27. ^ "Chicago's Vice Mayor". Chicago Tonight. WTTW. April 10, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  28. ^ Geiger, Kim; Washburn, Gay (December 22, 2014). "Former Chicago Alderman Bernie Stone dead at 87". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  29. ^ Sullivan, Emmet. "What Would Actually Happen if Rahm Resigns". ChicagoMag.org. Chicago Magazine. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  30. ^ Pratt, John Byrne, Juan Perez Jr, Gregory. "Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot aces first test of her power: City Council overhaul approved". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 29, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Spielman, Fran (June 1, 2023). "Inside the political survival of Chicago City Council dean". Chicago Sun-Times.

Further reading

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Primary sources

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  • Byrne, Jane (2004). My Chicago. Northwestern University Press.
  • Harrison, Carter Henry (1935). Stormy Years: The Autobiography of Carter H. Harrison, Five Times Mayor of Chicago.
  • Simpson, Dick (2017). The Good Fight: Life Lessons from a Chicago Progressive. Golden Alley Press. ISBN 978-0998442945.

Secondary sources

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  • Banfield, Edward C. (1961). Political Influence. – covers major public issues 1957 to 1958 in Chicago
  • Becker, Richard Edward. Edward Dunn, Reform Mayor of Chicago: 1905-1907 (PhD thesis). The University of Chicago.
  • Bennett, Larry (2011). "The Mayor among His Peers: Interpreting Richard M. Daley". In Judd, Dennis R.; Simpson, Dick (eds.). The City, Revisited: Urban Theory from Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 242–272. ISBN 978-0-8166-6575-4. JSTOR 10.5749/j.cttts735.14.
  • Biles, Roger (2018). Mayor Harold Washington: Champion of Race and Reform in Chicago. University of Illinois Press. doi:10.5406/j.ctvvnhdn. ISBN 978-0-252-05052-7.
  • Biles, Roger (1984). Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago.
    • Biles, William Roger (1981). Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago: Big City Boss in Depression and War (PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Chicago.
  • Bradley, Donald S.; Zald, Mayer N. (1965). "From commercial elite to political administrator: The recruitment of the mayors of Chicago". American Journal of Sociology. 71 (2): 153–167. doi:10.1086/224030. JSTOR 2774548.
  • Bradley, Donald S. (1963). The historical trends of the political elites and metropolitan Central City: the Chicago mayors.
  • Bukowski, Douglas (1998). Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image.
  • Bukowski, Douglas (1978). "William Dever and Prohibition: The mayoral election of 1923 and 1927". Chicago History. 7 (2): 109–118.
  • Carl, Jim (2009). "'Good Politics Is Good Government': The Troubling History of Mayoral Control of the Public Schools in Twentieth-Century Chicago". American Journal of Education. 115 (2): 305–336. doi:10.1086/595666.
  • Cohen, Adam; Taylor, Elizabeth (2001). American pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley, his battle for Chicago and the nation. Little, Brown. ISBN 0316834890.
  • Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1957). "Lincoln and the Mayor of Chicago". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 40 (4): 237–244. JSTOR 4633136. – about Long John Wentworth
  • Gottfried, Alex (1962). Boss Cermak of Chicago: A Study of Political Leadership. University of Washington Press.
  • Green, Paul M.; Holli, Melvin G. (2013). The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition (4th ed.). – scholarly biographies about Medill, Harrison II, Dunne, Busse, Thompson, Dever, Cermak, Kelly, Kennelly, both Daleys, Bilandic, Byrne, Washington, and Emanuel
  • Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A., eds. (1981). Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980. Greenwood Press. – short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980; see index at p. 408 for list
  • Johnson, Claudius O. (1928). Carter Henry Harrison I: Political Leader.
  • Jones, Gene Delon (1974). "The Origin of the Alliance Between the New Deal and the Chicago Machine". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 67: 253–274.
  • Kleppner, Paul (1985). Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor.
  • Lydersen, Kari (2013). Mayor 1%: Rahm Emanuel and the Rise of Chicago's 99%. Haymarket Books.
  • Koeneman, Keith (2013). First Son: The Biography of Richard M. Daley. University of Chicago Press.
  • McCarthy, Michael P. (1974). "Prelude to Armageddon: Charles E. Merriam and the Chicago Mayoral Election of 1911". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 67 (5): 505–518. JSTOR 40191143.
  • Mantler, Gordon K. (2023). The Multiracial Promise. Harold Washington's Chicago and the Democratic Struggle in Reagan's America. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Marshall, Jon; Connor, Matthew (2019). "Divided Loyalties: The Chicago Defender and Harold Washington's Campaign for Mayor of Chicago". American Journalism. 36 (4): 447–472. doi:10.1080/08821127.2019.1683405.
  • Morton, Richard Allen (1997). Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive. SIU Press.
    • Morton, Richard Allen (1988). Justice and humanity: The politics of Edward F. Dunne (PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • O'Malley, Peter Joseph (1980). Mayor Martin H. Kennelly of Chicago: A Political Biography (PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Chicago.
  • Preston, Michael B. (1983). "The Election of Harold Washington: Black Voting Patterns in the 1983 Chicago Mayoral Race". PS. 16 (3): 486–488. doi:10.2307/418606. JSTOR 418606.
  • Rex, Frederick (1947). The mayors of the city of Chicago from 1837 to 1933.
  • Schottenhamel, George (1952). "How Big Bill Thompson Won Control of Chicago". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 45 (1): 30–49. JSTOR 40189189.
  • Schmidt, John R. (1989). The Mayor Who Cleaned up Chicago: A Political Biography of William E. Dever.
  • Shipps, Dorothy (2009). "Updating Tradition: The Institutional Underpinnings of Modern Mayoral Control in Chicago's Public Schools". In Viteritti, Joseph P. (ed.). Brookings Institution Press. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 117–147. ISBN 978-0-8157-9044-0. JSTOR 10.7864/j.ctt6wphgm.11.
  • Simpson, Dick (2018). Rogues, Rebels, and Rubber Stamps: The Politics of the Chicago City Council, 1863 to the Present.
  • Simpson, Dick; Mouritsen, Melissa; O'Shaughnessy, Betty (2014). "Chicago: The Election of Rahm Emanuel". Local Politics and Mayoral Elections in 21st Century America. Routledge. pp. 99–115.
  • Spirou, Costas (2016). Building the City of Spectacle: Mayor Richard M. Daley and the Remaking of Chicago. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0683-7. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt20d8b1h.
  • Tompkins, C. David (1963). "John Peter Altgeld as a Candidate for Mayor of Chicago in 1899". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 56 (4): 654–676. JSTOR 40189944.
  • Wendt, Lloyd; Kogan, Herman (1953). Big Bill of Chicago. – Popular biography of Big Bill Thompson
  • Zald, Mayer N.; Anderson, Thomas A. (1968). "Secular Trends and Historical Contingencies in the Recruitment of Mayors: Nashville as Compared to New Haven and Chicago". Urban Affairs Quarterly. 3 (4): 53–68. doi:10.1177/107808746800300403.
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