The Veksø helmets (or Viksø helmets) are a pair of Bronze Age ceremonial horned helmets found near Veksø in Zealand, Denmark.
| Veksø Helmets | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Material | Bronze |
| Created | Nordic Bronze Age |
| Discovered | 1942 Veksø, Denmark |
| Present location | National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen |
Overview
editIn 1942 a workman was digging (c. 0.7m below the moss surface) at a peat bog extraction site in Brøns Mose, Viksø when he felt his spade go through something hard. Thought to be waste, the find was set aside. On later inspection, though, it was found to be a decorated bronze object with an associated wooden plate with a groove - which appeared to have been a stand for a helmet. A subsequent archaeological investigation at the discovery site in the same year returned further helmet pieces.[1] Analysis of remains during the 1940s determined that the wooden tray was of ash, and that there may have been a feather trim to the helmet.[1] The first technical report on the helmets was published by Norling-Christensen in 1946.[2]
It is thought that the Brøns Mose was a lake in the Bronze Age, and an extension of the modern Løged Sø waterbody - making the helmets a likely bog votive offering. Radiocarbon dating place the wooden trays associated with the helmets to an earlier date than the helmets. Additionally shards of broken pots were found above the helmets, but may not be an associated deposit.[3]
In 2019, a worker at the National Museum of Denmark discovered birch tar on one of the horns while preparing to photograph them. A sample was subsequently sent for carbon dating.[4] The results showed that the latest possible date of deposition was the late Nordic Bronze Age;[5] between 857 and 907 BC.[6]
Design and construction
editTwo helmets were found, almost identical in design - the primary material was a high tin bronze (16.8%) with small amounts of lead, arsenic, antimony, and nickel (all 0.1 to 1%) and traces of silver (~0.05%). Stylistically the hemispherical main part resembles the plain textile hats of the period as well as Urnfield metal helmets - the hemispheres were made from two hammered pieces joined with rivets in a seam running front to back across the top, with a heavy joining rim or crest across the top - either end of the crest ended in a downpointing 'hook' possibly intended to recall the beak of a raptor. Ornamentation included bosses across the surface of various sizes, including two larger 'eye' positioned bosses, together with eyebrows. A row of bosses along the lower rim each terminate in an S-shaped (or Swan shaped) ornamentation - thus resembling double-sterned-ships. (Vogelsonnenbarken). The helmet's horns are also S-shaped, with a twist recalling both a bull's horns and the twist in a pair of lurs. Fittings between horns and crest held bird's feathers, and it has been suggested that the crest was originally adorned with a hair. The helmet has a human appearance coupled with select zoomorphic elements.[7]
Overall the design takes cues from both Urnfield and Nordic culture, though some elements, such as bulls' horns are found elsewhere - such as Iberia, and Sardinia, and horned helms are also seen in contemporary descriptions of the Sea Peoples in the Mediterranean and near East.[8]
Vandkilde states the helmet is thought to have been made in Scandinavia, using European bronze working techniques,[9] though others suggest the helmet was imported from Italy.[10] The shape of the horns suggest the Italian long-horn cattle, a subtype of the species Bos primigenius (the aurochs).[11]
-
Front of helmet -
Rear of helmet
Meaning, use, and significance
edit'Twin' helmets were found - in some interpretations of Bronze Age beliefs the sun can be represented by 'twin gods'. Other interpretations place a significance as the helmets being representation of weapons or war, or some relation to the Proto-Indo-European religion myth of Divine twins.[2] Alternatively the helmets have been interpreted as an heirloom, or possibly conferring some status or importance when worn.[12] Ritualistic use, either giving powers from, or connection to the animal or godly world has also been suggested.[13]
The found position (ie in a bog or former water body) also places the final use of the helmets within the class of votive offerings.[14]
Similar artifacts
editFigures of twins with horns from a similar period and region are known - these included bronze figurines wearing horned helmets found at Grevensvænge (Grevensvænge figurines), and horned twins of a horse's yoke found at Fogdarp. Related horned imagery has also been found on razors (Vestrup razor), and rock-carvings from a similar place/period.[15]
See also
edit- Sutton Hoo helmet, a later 7th C. AD anglo-saxon iron helmet with zoomorphic elements.
- Waterloo Helmet, La Tène style 'horned' helmet (c. 1st C. BCE) discovered in the River Thames
- Nordic Bronze Age
References
edit- ^ a b Kulturarv, Undersøgelsehistorie.
- ^ a b Vandkilde 2013, p. 165.
- ^ Vandkilde 2013, pp. 165–7.
- ^ Tom Metcalfe (6 January 2022). "Horned 'Viking' helmets were actually from a different civilization, archaeologists say". Live Science.
- ^ Tom Metcalfe (6 January 2022). "Horned 'Viking' helmets were actually from a different civilization, archaeologists say". Live Science.
- ^ Helle Vandkilde, Valentina Matta, Laura Ahlqvist and Heide W. Nørgaard (21 December 2021). "Anthropomorphised warlike beings with horned helmets: Bronze Age Scandinavia, Sardinia, and Iberia compared". Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 97: 130–158. doi:10.1515/pz-2021-2012. S2CID 245426165.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vandkilde 2013, Fig. 1A, p.166; Helmet materiality, p.167.
- ^ Vandkilde 2013, Returning to Viksø: Myths and cosmologies in the making , pp.171-175.
- ^ Vandkilde 2013, p. 171.
- ^ Bruus-Jensen, Per (1998), I Begyndelsen var Tomheden (in Danish), p. 334
- ^ Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 1963, p. 348
- ^ Vandkilde 2013, pp. 167, Epic helmets.
- ^ Vandkilde 2013, Mighty objects of transformation and transmission, p.167.
- ^ Hencken 1971, p. 13.
- ^ Vandkilde 2013, Physical-visual manifestations of Bronze Age rituals and myth, pp.167-169; Fig.3, p.168; Fig.4, p.171.
Sources
edit- Vandkilde, Helle (2013), Bergerbrant, Sophie; Sabatini, Serena (eds.), "Bronze Age Voyaging and Cosmologies in the Making: the Helmets from Viksø Revisted" (PDF), Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen, Archaeopress, pp. 165–177, ISBN 978-1-4073-1126-5
- "Brøns Mose", www.kulturarv.dk (in Danish), no. 95258, retrieved 31 Aug 2017
- alt source "Offerfund. Yngre bronzealder, periode IV (ca. 1100-900 f.Kr.)", www.guderoggrave.dk (in Danish), no. 95258
- Norling-Christensen, H. (1946), "The Viksø Helmets", Acta Archaeologica, 17: 99–115
- Hencken, Hugh O'Neill (1971). The earliest European helmets: Bronze Age and early Iron Age. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. OCLC 1148930271. INIST 13308800.
Further reading
edit- "Præster med horn på hjelmen" [Priests with Horns on the Helmet], www.kulturav.dk (in Danish), includes 1942 newspaper coverage.
- Wester, Knut (1 November 2000). "The Mystery of the Missing Viking Helmets". Neurosurgery. 47 (5): 1216–1229. doi:10.1097/00006123-200011000-00041. PMID 11063116. S2CID 42806950.
- Norling-Christensen, Hans (1946), Bronzealderhjælmene fra Viksø, Nationalmuseets Gule Bøger (in Danish), Gyldendal
- Curry, Andrew (21 December 2021). "Bronze Age 'power helmets' unearthed from Danish bog". science.org. doi:10.1126/science.acz9888. S2CID 245408086.
External links
edit
- Viksø-hjelmene (in Danish), Nationalmuseet
- Viksø-hjelmenes opbygning (in Danish), Nationalmuseet
- "Helmets embellished with feathers and horsehair". National Museum of Denmark.