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Black Rod

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The usher of the Black Rod is an official in the parliaments of several countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. The title is often shortened to Black Rod, and in some countries, formally known as Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod or Lady Usher of the Black Rod. The position originates in the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Equivalent positions exist in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.

An Usher of the Black Rod knocks on the door of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The position is similar to serjeant-at-arms in other bodies.

Origin

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The office was created in 1350 by royal letters patent, though the current title dates from 1522. The position was adopted by other members of the Commonwealth when they adopted the British Westminster system. The title is derived from the staff of office, an ebony staff topped with a golden lion, which is the main symbol of the office's authority.

A ceremonial rod or staff is a common symbol indicating the authority of the office holder. Depictions of ancient authority figures in many cultures include such a rod (alternatively called a sceptre). Another early example is the fasces (a bound bundle of rods) carried by guards ("lictors") who accompanied high-level officials in the Roman Republic and later Empire.

United Kingdom

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Lady Usher of the Black Rod
 
Incumbent
Sarah Clarke
since 12 February 2018[1]
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Reports toClerk of the Parliaments
AppointerThe Crown (de jure)
Clerk of the Parliaments (de facto)
Formation1350
First holderWalter Whitehorse (known)
DeputyYeoman Usher of the Black Rod
WebsiteParliamentary information page

Appointment

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Black Rod is formally appointed by the Crown based on a recruitment search performed by the Clerk of the Parliaments, who is the employer of all House of Lords officials. Prior to 2018 the office was held by retired senior military officers. Black Rod is an officer of the English Order of the Garter, and is usually appointed Knight Bachelor if not already knighted. Their deputy is the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod.[2] Since early 2018, the post has been held by Sarah Clarke.[3] She is the first woman to hold the post and the first non-veteran in almost 200 years.

Official duties

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Black Rod is principally responsible for controlling access to and maintaining order within the House of Lords and its precincts,[4] as well as for ceremonial events within those precincts. Previous responsibilities for security, and the buildings and services of the Palace of Westminster, have been passed, respectively, to the Parliamentary Security Director (as of the post's creation in January 2016) and Lords Director of Facilities (as of that post's creation and the retirement of the then-Black Rod in May 2009).[5]

Black Rod's official duties also include responsibility as the usher and doorkeeper at meetings of the Most Noble Order of the Garter; the personal attendant of the Sovereign in the Lords; as secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain and as the Serjeant-at-Arms and Keeper of the Doors of the House, in charge of the admission of strangers to the House of Lords. Either Black Rod or their deputy, the Yeoman Usher, is required to be present when the House of Lords, the upper house of Parliament, is in session, and plays a role in the introduction of all new Lords Temporal in the House (but not of bishops as new Lords Spiritual). Black Rod also arrests any Lord guilty of breach of privilege or other Parliamentary offence, such as contempt or disorder, or the disturbance of the House's proceedings. Their equivalent in the House of Commons is the Serjeant at Arms.

Former Black Rod David Leakey said that 30% of his work as Black Rod was within or for the House of Commons.[6]

Black Rod, along with their deputy, is responsible for organising ceremonial events within the Palace of Westminster, providing leadership in guiding the significant logistics of running such events.

Ceremonial duties

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Mace

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Black Rod is in theory responsible for carrying the Mace into and out of the chamber for the Speaker of the House of Lords (formerly the Lord Chancellor, now the Lord Speaker), though this role is delegated to the Yeoman Usher and Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms, or on judicial occasions, to the Lord Speaker's deputy, the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms. The mace was introduced in 1876.[citation needed]

State Opening of Parliament

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Black Rod is best known for their part in the ceremonies surrounding the State Opening of Parliament and the Speech from the throne. Black Rod summons the Commons to attend the speech and lead them to the Lords. As part of the ritual, the doors to the chamber of the House of Commons are slammed in the approaching Black Rod's face. This is to symbolise the Commons' independence of the Sovereign. Black Rod then strikes the door three times with their staff, and is then admitted and issues the summons of the monarch to attend.[7]

This ritual also happens whenever the Lords have a commission to be read and Black Rod summons MPs to hear it. For example, on Tuesday 17 December 2019 this ritual happened twice.[8]

This ritual is derived from the attempt by King Charles I to arrest Five Members in 1642, in what was seen as a breach of the constitution. This and prior actions of the King led to the Civil War. After that incident, the House of Commons has maintained its right to question the right of the monarch's representatives to enter their chamber, although they cannot bar them from entering with lawful authority.

List of Black Rods in England, Great Britain and the UK from 1361

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This list is derived from one published by the Parliamentary Archives in 2011, with alterations from later research.[9]

List of Serjeants-at-Arms of the House of Lords

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Technically the serjeant at arms attending the Lord Chancellor (the former presiding officer of the House of Lords) was regarded as an officer of the House of Lords. He was appointed for life until 1713 and during good behaviour thereafter, originally receiving a daily remuneration and from 1806 an annual salary. The post was merged with that of Black Rod in 1971.

The following is a list of Serjeants-at-Arms of the House of Lords since 1660:

Since 1971 the office of Serjeant at Arms has been held by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.

Black Rods outside the UK

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As in the United Kingdom, Black Rods in other parliaments are responsible for arresting any senator or intruder who disrupts the proceedings.

Australia

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The Australian Senate and the upper houses in five Australian states and territories have their own Usher of the Black Rod. (Queensland abolished its upper house and the assemblies of the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory have always been unicameral.)

The current Usher of the Black Rod for the Australian Senate is John Begley.[26] In the Australian Senate, the Usher of the Black Rod assists with the administration and security of the Senate and has the power to take anyone into custody who causes a disturbance in or near the Senate chamber.[27]

Canada

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Main article: Usher of the Black Rod (Canada)
 
Kevin MacLeod, the former Canadian Usher of the Black Rod, stands in front of the 1878 Senate thrones

The Usher of the Black Rod for the Senate of Canada is the equivalent to the Black Rod office for the House of Lords. The position was also known as the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod until 1997, when the appointment of the first female Black Rod prompted the word gentleman to be dropped from the title.

The provincial legislatures of Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Alberta, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island have also incorporated the position of the Black Rods into their respective parliamentary systems.[28]

Cook Islands

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In the Cook Islands the Usher of the Black Rod is the messenger of the King's Representative at the ceremonial opening of parliament.

In 2023, the Cook Islands adopted a black rod (Cook Islands Māori: Te Mato Mana) carved from mato wood salvaged from the gallery of the Ziona Tapu Church in Avarua. The black rod was designed by Tangata Vainerere, the clerk of the Cook Islands parliament, and carved by Wireless Tomokino. The piece of wood it was carved from is thought to be over 160 years old.[29] It was first used at the ceremonial opening of the 18th parliament on 22 March 2023.[30]

New Zealand

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Usher of the Black Rod Sandra McKie at the State Opening of the New Zealand Parliament in 2023

In New Zealand, where the Legislative Council was abolished in 1951, the Usher of the Black Rod continues to summon MPs to the chamber for the Throne Speech.[31] It is not a full-time position.

Arthur Bothamley was the first person to hold the role;[32] he was usher of the black rod for 45 years from 1892 until August 1937. In September 1937, he was succeeded by Captain Douglas Bryan, who retired in June 1957.[32][33] John Everitt Seal took over from Bryan in June 1957[34] and held the role until his death on 1 November 1964.[35] Alexander John Mackay Manson was appointed in May 1965 to succeed Seal in time for the opening of the second term of the 34th New Zealand Parliament later that month.[36] Manson retired in June 1971.[37] In May 1972, Melville Harvey Scott Innes-Jones was appointed to succeed Manson.[38] Innes-Jones retired in 1991.[39]

William Nathan, appointed in 1993,[40] was the first Māori Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.[41] Colonel Nathan retired in 2005,[42] and was followed by David Baguley.[43] David Williams was appointed as the acting Usher of the Black Rod in 2017 for the opening of the 52nd New Zealand Parliament.[44] Sandra McKie was appointed to act in the role in 2020 for the opening of the 53rd Parliament, the first woman to hold the position.[45][46][47] McKie was permanently appointed to the role effective from 17 October 2022, following the formal retirement of Baguley.[48][49][50]

The ceremonial black rod was presented to Parliament by Governor-General Lord Bledisloe in January, 1931. Made of polished black ebony, it is topped by a golden lion rampant holding a shield bearing the royal cypher of King George V and has a 1931 gold sovereign set in its base. Due to the fragility of the original 1931 black rod, alternative black rods are now used during the official openings of Parliament.[51]

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    The ceremonial black rod of New Zealand in a case
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    Detail of the top of the ceremonial black rod
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    Inscription on the base of the ceremonial black rod

South Africa

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The Senate of South Africa had a Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod from its inception in 1910 to abolition in 1980. When the Senate was restored in 1994 the renamed position of Usher of the Black Rod returned with it, continuing in the new National Council of Provinces.[52]

Former

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Ireland

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Before the Act of Union of 1800, which united the Kingdom of Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, there was also a Black Rod in the Irish House of Lords. From 1783 the Irish Black Rod was also Usher of the Order of St Patrick, so the office continued after the Union. No one was appointed to the office after the creation of the Irish Free State in December 1922.

The Senate of Northern Ireland had a Black Rod throughout its existence,[62] until the disbandment of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1972.

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Before the Acts of Union 1707 united the English and Scottish parliaments, there was a Heritable Usher of the White Rod who had a similar role in the Estates of Parliament in Scotland.[63] This office is currently held by The Rt Rev. John Armes, Bishop of Edinburgh, but the role carries no duties.

Gentleman ushers exist for all the British orders of chivalry, and are coloured as follows:

References

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  1. ^ a b "New Black Rod starts chamber duties". UK Parliament. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Yeoman Usher". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  3. ^ "Sarah Clarke appointed to the role of Black Rod". parliament.uk. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  4. ^ "Black Rod". UK Parliament. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  5. ^ Torrance, Michael (12 December 2017). "Governance and Administration of the House of Lords" (PDF). House of Lords Library. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  6. ^ "'Scandal' if Bercow got peerage - ex-Parliament official", BBC News, 5 February 2020, retrieved 6 June 2020
  7. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Black Rod" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ "House of Commons – Hansard".
  9. ^ "Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod". Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  10. ^ Sainty, J.C. (October 2014). "Black Rod and the Office of Usher of the Parliament Chamber". Parliamentary History. 33 (3): 511–515. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12109.
  11. ^ a b c Sainty, J.C. (June 2018). "A Biographical Note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod". Parliamentary History. 37 (2): 293–298. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12366. S2CID 149684886.
  12. ^ a b c "Appendix: Biographical Notes". Parliamentary History. 34: 75–76. October 2015. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12158. S2CID 246254547.
  13. ^ Biddulph, Michael. "London Gazette Issue: 26697Page:81". The Gazette. The Parliamentary Press, London.
  14. ^ Biddulph, Michael. "The London Gazette: Issue: 27363 Page:6569". The Gazette. The Parliamentary Press, London.
  15. ^ "No. 47433". The London Gazette. 10 January 1978. p. 321.
  16. ^ "New appointment as Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod". royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Chris Cook and John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1688–1760 (1988) p. 97.
  18. ^ a b c d Chris Cook and John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1760–1830 (1980) p. 50.
  19. ^ a b c d e Chris Cook and Brendan Keith, British Historical Facts 1830–1900 (1975) p. 104.
  20. ^ "No. 28437". The London Gazette. 15 November 1910. p. 8163.
  21. ^ "No. 34252". The London Gazette. 4 February 1936. p. 729.
  22. ^ "No. 34608". The London Gazette. 17 March 1939. p. 1844.
  23. ^ "No. 37806". The London Gazette. 3 December 1946. p. 5913.
  24. ^ "No. 42627". The London Gazette. 20 March 1962. p. 2327.
  25. ^ "No. 45274". The London Gazette. 5 January 1971. p. 137.
  26. ^ "No. 16 – Usher of the Black Rod". www.aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  27. ^ Odgers, James Rowland (2016). Odgers' Australian Senate practice / As revised by Harry Evans / edited by Rosemary Laing (14th ed.). Department of the Senate. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-76010-503-7.
  28. ^ "2nd Session, 41st Parliament, Volume 149, Issue 19 (Senate of Canada)". Parliament of Canada. Queen's Printer for Canada. 27 November 2013.
  29. ^ Parliament Pieces: Staff Piece (YouTube). Island Craft Ltd. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  30. ^ "THE BLACK ROD – TE MATO MANA" (PDF). The Cook Islands Gazette (27/23): 51–52. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  31. ^ "Parliament Brief: Officers of the House - New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  32. ^ a b "Personal items". The Press. Vol. XCV, no. 28296. 6 June 1957. p. 12. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  33. ^ "Notable figure". Manawatū Standard. Vol. LIX, no. 19. 19 December 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  34. ^ "The New Zealand Gazette" (PDF). 13 June 1957. p. 1149. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  35. ^ "Obituary". The Press. Vol. CIII, no. 30588. 3 November 1964. p. 11. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  36. ^ "Sergeant-at-arms appointed". The Press. Vol. CIV, no. 30742. 5 May 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  37. ^ "Personal items". The Press. Vol. CXI, no. 32626. 7 June 1971. p. 10. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  38. ^ "Parliamentary post". The Press. Vol. CXII, no. 32917. 16 May 1972. p. 3. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  39. ^ "Obituary – Wing Commander Innes-Jones". Parliamentary Debates. 1 May 1997. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  40. ^ "Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod Her Excellency the Governor-General... - 1993-vr10688 - New Zealand Gazette". gazette.govt.nz. New Zealand Gazette. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  41. ^ "PRIMETIME - BLACK ROD". ngataonga.org.nz. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  42. ^ "GG thanks retiring Usher of the Black Rod | Scoop News". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  43. ^ "Appointment of Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod - 2005-vr7362 - New Zealand Gazette". gazette.govt.nz. New Zealand Gazette. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  44. ^ "Appointment of Acting Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod - 2017-vr5783 - New Zealand Gazette". gazette.govt.nz. New Zealand Gazette. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  45. ^ "NZDF staff member makes history at Parliament Opening". New Zealand Defence Force. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  46. ^ "Appointment of Acting Usher of the Black Rod". gazette.govt.nz. New Zealand Gazette. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  47. ^ Hartigan, Brian (26 November 2020). "First ever female Usher of the Black Rod in New Zealand". www.contactairlandandsea.com. CONTACT magazine. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  48. ^ "Appointment of Usher of the Black Rod". New Zealand Gazette. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  49. ^ "Appointment of permanent Usher of the Black Rod". Government House. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  50. ^ "McKie appointed to permanent Black Rod role". insidegovernment.co.nz. Inside Government NZ. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  51. ^ "Openings of Parliament - Online Exhibition". www.parliament.nz. New Zealand Parliament. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  52. ^ "The Black Rod for the National Council Of Provinces - Parliament of South Africa". Parliament.gov.za. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  53. ^ "ELLYS, Thomas (1685–1709), of Mitre Court, Inner Temple". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  54. ^ Peerage and Baronetage of Great Britain and Ireland. 1839. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  55. ^ Lodge, John. The Peerage of Ireland: Or,A Genealogical History of the Present ..., Volume 4.
  56. ^ "MONTAGU, George (c. 1713–1780), of Windsor, Berks". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  57. ^ "EDMONSTONE, Archibald (1717–1807), of Duntreath, Stirling". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Most Illustrious Order by Peter Galloway; ISBN 0-906290-23-6
  59. ^ Dodsley. The Annual Register 1783.
  60. ^ Galloway, Peter (1 January 1983). The Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick. Phillimore & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0850335088.
  61. ^ "BERNARD (afterwards BERNARD MORLAND), Scrope (1758-1830), of Nether Winchendon, Bucks". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  62. ^ Morton, Grenfell (January 1980). Home rule and the Irish question. Longman. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-582-35215-5. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  63. ^ Facts about Edinburgh. The Ellen Payne Odom Genealogy Library Family Tree
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