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User:UnniSolas/sandbox

Norid AS is the registry for the Norwegian top-level domains .no (Norway), .sj (Svalbard and Jan Mayen) and .bv (Bouvet Island), and under an agreement with the international administrator of top-level domains (ICANN/IANA) is entitled to assign, administer and register domain names under these top-level domains[1]. Among these domain names, only .no may be registered[2].

Norid AS
Company typePublic limited company
IndustryDomain name registry
Founded1 July 2003
Headquarters
Trondheim
,
Norway
Area served
Norway
Services.no
Revenue48.8 million kr (2020)
OwnerMinistry of Local Government and Modernisation
Number of employees
21
Websitewww.norid.no

Norid

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Norid is not an administrative body, and domain names are assigned on a private-law basis and do not involve the exercising of official authority[3]. The domain area is governed by a separate regulation[4] with the Norwegian Communications Authority as the supervisory authority.


As a registry, Norid administers the name service and the registration service for the top-level domains, and determines assignment rules within the framework of legislation and regulations[5]. The registration service processes applications for domain names under .no in accordance with current assignment rules and maintains a register of rights of use for the various domain names. The name service for the .no domain is required to ensure that the domain names function technically. This service, which is a key element of the basic Internet infrastructure in Norway, sets particularly high requirements for availability and has not been unavailable since the top-level domain was first used over 30 years ago[6].


Norid’s activities are rooted in a strong social responsibility that reflects the fact that domain names are an important resource for all areas of society. The company engages in wide-ranging collaborations with technical and domain-administrative resource pools in other countries.

History

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On 17 March 1987, the .no top-level domain was delegated to Televerket’s Research Institute, assisted by the Internet pioneers Pål Spilling and Jens Thommassen. At that time, the institute was the main partner along with ARPAnet. In the same year, the Uninett project was launched, and as a technically competent and neutral party, it was natural that they took over responsibility for the top-level domain.

In 1993,Uninett was established as a wholly owned limited company under the then Norwegian Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs. As the Internet became more popular, more resources were required to operate the .no domain, and in 1996 the project that was responsible for the operation was established as a separate organisational entity as part of Uninett[7]. The project was named Norid, an acronym for Norwegian registration service for Internet domain names[8]. In 1997, Norid became the registry for .sj and .bv.

The first domain name policy for .no was published in 1995. The policy was initially quite restrictive. Only organisations (companies and other businesses) could register domain names, and they could only register one domain name, for which they had to have documented rights. In the ensuing years, the domain name policy has been revised a number of times[9], and many of the restrictions have been removed:

·      2000: Permission given to register general words and expressions

·      2001: The number of domain names per organisation number was increased to 15, and the requirement to document rights to names was removed.[10]

·      2004: The number of permitted characters was expanded by 23, including æ, ø and å. Following this change, all the official written languages in Norway[11] could be represented in Norwegian domain names.

·      2007: Domain names that only consist of numbers permitted, such as 123.no.[12]

·      2011: priv.no was originally established as a category domain for private individuals in 1993, and was operated by various commercial players for many years. After taking over responsibility for the operation of the category domain, Norid made it available to everyone again on 6 June 2011[13]. On 30 November 2011, the number of domain names for organisations (companies and other businesses) was expanded to 100 domain names per organisation number.[14]

·      2014: Private individuals permitted to register domain names directly under .no.[15]

Following a recommendation from an inter-ministerial working group,[16] the domain area was regulated by a separate regulation of 1 August 2003 (the Norwegian Domain Name Regulations)[17]. In February of the same year, Norid was established as a subsidiary of Uninett AS, under the name UNINETT Norid AS. The company changed its name to Norid AS in 2019. Since 1 July 2021, Norid AS has been owned by the Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation.

Domain name policy

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Norid establishes all assignment rules[18] for domain names under the .no domain within the frameworks of legislation and regulations, and is responsible for the establishment of an appeal scheme. Prior to making significant changes to the assignment and appeal rules, Norid obtains advice from the authorities and users’ representatives, including at public hearings[19] [20]. Important stakeholder groups are represented through Norpol[21], which is an advisory body that helps develop the rules for the .no domain. Anyone who wishes can also give input to Norid directly.[22]

Assignment rules and appeal rules are designed under a private-law contractual framework. The assignment rules have provisions governing which domain names can be registered and which are reserved for specific purposes, and who can register domain names. Important provisions include:

  1. The subscriber must be an organisation registered in the Central Coordinating Register of Legal Entities or a private individual registered in the Norwegian National Registry and must have a Norwegian postal address.[23]
  2. Limited number of domain names. An organisation (company or other business) may have up to 100 domain names directly under .no and may also register under geographical domains and category domains. Individuals may register up to five domain names.
  3. The domain name. A domain name must have a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 63 characters. Permitted characters:[24] the letters a–z, 23 special characters that cover all the official Norwegian written languages, the digits 0-9 and hyphens.
  4. Protected or reserved names. Some domain names are reserved or protected for various reasons[25]. Examples include ftp.no, www.no etc. This also applies to some geographical names.ws

A domain name is only created when an organisation or private individual is assigned a subscription for it. The subscription gives the domain subscriber a right to use the domain name[26], and this right is maintained for as long as the subscription runs. The domain subscriber is responsible for the use of the domain name. Norid has no control over the content of websites and has no mandate to sanction websites that may appear to be breaking the law. This is the responsibility of the Police and the courts[27]. Disputes over domain names are handled by the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee or the courts[28].

Norid’s website[29] provides more information about things to consider when choosing a domain name, and general issues concerning domain names.

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References

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  1. ^ IANA. Root Zone Database. Entries for .no, .sj and .bv. (English) Visited 24 September 2021. Visited 24 September 2021.
  2. ^ Norid (3 August 2010). ”The .bv and .sj top-level domains” (English). Archived from the original (web) 7 February 2009. Visited 5 May 2011.
  3. ^ Lovdata. (1 August 2003). ”Regulations on domain names under Norwegian country code top-level domains” §3. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 5 May 2011.
  4. ^ Lovdata. (1 August 2003). ”Regulations on domain names under Norwegian country code top-level domains” §3. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 5 May 2011.
  5. ^ Norid. Articles of Association, Norid AS. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 24 September 2021.
  6. ^ The Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation. Report to the Storting 28 (2020–2021)Our common digital foundation - Mobile, broadband and Internet services. (Norwegian) Chapter 10.4.
  7. ^ The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. (March 2002). ".no eller aldri" (.no or never). Management model and dispute resolution under Norwegian domain name administration. Page 25.
  8. ^ Elisabeth Farstad (27 September 2017). ”30 years of Norwegian domain names” (web) (Norwegian). Norid. Visited 21 June 2020.
  9. ^ Norid. Domain name policy archive. (web) (Norwegian). Visited 24 September 2021.
  10. ^ Norid. ”Liberalisation of name policy” (Norwegian). Norid. Archived from the original (web) 13 June 2011. Visited 5 May 2011.
  11. ^ Norid. "Change in regulations to allow characters from all official Norwegian written languages”. Archived from the original (web) 13 June 2011. Visited 5 May 2011:.
  12. ^ Norid. ”Change in regulations to allow number-based domains”. Archived from the original (web) 13 June 2011. Visited May 5, 2011.
  13. ^ Norid. ”Changes to the regulations to allow private domains”. Archived from the original (web) 16 April 2011. Visited 5 May 2011.
  14. ^ Norid. ”Change in the rules for the number of permitted registered domains per organisation”. Archived from the original 25 February 2012. Visited 19 February 2012.
  15. ^ Norid. “Amendment of the regulations 18 June 2014. Private individuals permitted to register domain names directly under .no” (Norwegian)
  16. ^ The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. (March 2002). ".no eller aldri" (.no or never). Management model and dispute resolution under Norwegian domain name administration.
  17. ^ Lovdata. (1 August 2003). ”Regulations on domain names under Norwegian country code top-level domains” (web) (Norwegian). Visited 5 May 2011.
  18. ^ Norid. ”The domain name policy for .no” (web) (Norwegian)
  19. ^ Norid. ”How to change the domain name policy of .no”
  20. ^ The Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. Report to the Storting 27 (2015–2016) "Digital Agenda for Norge - IKT for en enklere hverdag og økt produktivitet." (Digital Agenda for Norway - ICT for a simpler everyday life and increased productivity.) (Norwegian) Chapter. 31.2
  21. ^ Norid. ”Norpol”
  22. ^ Norid. ”How to propose a change in the .no domain name policy”
  23. ^ Norid. ”Domain name policy for .no – 5. Requirements for the applicants – who can apply?”
  24. ^ Norid. ”Permitted characters under .no”
  25. ^ Norid. ”Appendix A: Reserved and prohibited domain names under domains managed by Norid”
  26. ^ Supreme Court of Norway: HR-2009-01692-U, HR-2019-1743-A
  27. ^ HR-2009-01692-U. Proposition to the Storting 8 LS (2019–2020).
  28. ^ Norid ”Advice for authorities”
  29. ^ Norid. "Online presence – where and how?"
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