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1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections

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The 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 27, 1790, and October 11, 1791. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 2nd United States Congress convened on October 24, 1791. This was the first midterm election cycle, which took place in the middle of President George Washington's first term. The size of the House increased to 67 seats after the new state of Vermont elected its first representatives.

1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1788 & 1789 April 27, 1790 – October 11, 1791[a] 1792 & 1793 →
All 67 seats in the United States House of Representatives[b]
34 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Jonathan Trumbull Jr. James Madison
Party Pro-Administration Anti-Administration
Leader's seat Connecticut at-large Virginia 5th
Last election 37 seats 28 seats
Seats won 39[1][c][d] 30[1][c][e]
Seat change Increase 2 Increase 2
Results:
     Pro-Administration hold      Pro-Administration gain
     Anti-Administration hold      Anti-Administration gain
     Chesapeake gain
     Undistricted territory
Speaker before election

Frederick Muhlenberg
Pro-Administration

Elected Speaker

Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
Pro-Administration

While formal political parties still did not exist, coalitions of pro-Washington (Pro-Admin.) representatives and anti-Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union.

Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the 2nd Speaker of the House.[2]

Retirements

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Either five or six incumbents did not seek re-election.

Anti-Administration

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  1. Maryland 4: William Smith retired.
  2. Virginia 6: Isaac Coles retired.

Aedanus Burke, a U.S. representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district, either retired or lost re-election but it is not known.

Pro-Administration

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  1. Pennsylvania at-large: George Clymer retired.
  2. Pennsylvania at-large: Henry Wynkoop retired.
  3. Pennsylvania at-large: Thomas Scott retired.

Election summaries

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In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections, as early as April 27, 1790 (in New York) and as late as October 11, 1791 (in Pennsylvania). Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791.

Kentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress, adding two seats each.[3] The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4, 1791, the first day of the 2nd Congress, so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress, while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session.

 
State Type Date Total
seats 		Pro-
Administration 		Anti-
Administration
Seats Change Seats Change
New York Districts April 27–29, 1790 6 4  1 2  1
New Hampshire At-large August 30, 1790 3 3  1 0  1
Virginia Districts September 1, 1790 10 2  1 8  1
Connecticut At-large September 20, 1790 5 5   0  
Maryland Mixed[f] October 4, 1790 6 3  1 3  1
Massachusetts Districts October 4, 1790[g] 8 7  1 1  1
South Carolina Districts October 12, 1790 5 3  1 2  1
Rhode Island At-large October 19, 1790 1 1   0  
Delaware At-large November 8, 1790 1 1   0  
Georgia District January 3, 1791 3 0   3  
New Jersey At-large January 26, 1791 4 4   0  
North Carolina Districts January 28, 1791 5 2   3  
Late elections (after the March 4, 1791, beginning of the term)
Vermont Districts July 13, 1791[h] 2 0   2  2
Pennsylvania Districts October 11, 1791 8 4  2 4  2
Kentucky Districts June 1, 1792 2 0   2  2
Total 67 39
56.5% 		  3 30
43.5% 		  1
House seats
Pro-Admin
 
 56.52%
Anti-Admin
 
 43.48%

Change in composition

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End of the last Congress

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A A
A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A V P P P
Majority → P
P P P P P P P P P P
P P P P P P P P P P
P P P P P P P P P P
P P

Beginning of the next Congress

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A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A P P P P
Majority → P
P P P P P P P P P P
P P P P P P P P P P
P P P P P P P P P P
P P P P
Key:
A Anti-Administration
P Pro-Administration
V Vacant

Special elections

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See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

There were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress. New states and newly ratified states are not included as special elections.

Elections are sorted by date then district.

1st Congress

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District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Virginia 9 Theodorick Bland Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent died June 1, 1790.
New member elected in July 1790.
Anti-Administration hold.
Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.
Connecticut at-large Pierpont Edwards Pro-
Administration 		1790 Predecessor declined election.
New member elected December 16, 1790.
Pro-Administration hold.
Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below.

2nd Congress

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District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1 Vacant Rep.-elect James Townsend (Pro-Admin.) died May 24, 1790.
New member elected April 26–28, 1791.
Anti-Administration gain.
Connecticut at-large Roger Sherman Pro-
Administration 		1790 Incumbent-and-Representative-elect resigned March 31, 1791, to become U.S. Senator.
New member elected September 19, 1791.
Pro-Administration hold.
Maryland 3 William Pinkney Pro-
Administration 		1790 Incumbent resigned.
New member elected October 26–29, 1791 and seated February 5, 1792.
Anti-Administration gain.

Connecticut

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

Connecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut at-large
5 seats 		Roger Sherman Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
Winner declined to serve and a new member would later be elected in a special election.
Benjamin Huntington Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration hold.
Jonathan Sturges Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
Jonathan Trumbull Jr. Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
Jeremiah Wadsworth Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration hold.
Winner declined to serve; the incumbent was re-elected in a special election.

There were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Admin.) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.). The second was held September 19, 1791, to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Admin.)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.).

Delaware

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[i]
Delaware at-large John Vining Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.

Georgia

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Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia
See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Georgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Georgia 1
"Southern (or Eastern) District" 		James Jackson Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Administration hold.
Election was subsequently successfully challenged, and the seat was declared vacant.
Georgia 2
"Middle District" 		Abraham Baldwin Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Georgia 3
"Northern (or Western) District" 		George Mathews Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Administration hold.

Kentucky

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Kentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792.

Maryland

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Under Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."

In Maryland, two local factions briefly emerged, the Chesapeake and Potomac (or Potowmack) "parties". The Potomac faction, consisting of individuals from the small counties of southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, aimed to maintain their status by curbing the increasing influence of the city of Baltimore and the more populous counties. To do so, they supported the development of the federal city and a canal on the Potomac River to secure their economic future. Conversely, the Chesapeake faction advocated for Baltimore's growth. Their strategy involved improving the Susquehanna River to channel the lucrative wheat trade from western Maryland and Pennsylvania through Baltimore. They also believed that political representation should reflect population growth patterns rather than be defined by the counties. They feared that a canal on the Potomac River would undermine Baltimore's prosperity by diverting trade to competitors like Georgetown, the proposed federal city, and Alexandria.[5][6]

Temporarily setting aside differences at the national level, the "Chesapeake Ticket" was formed to punish incumbents who had supported the Potomac location for the proposed federal city. A "Potomac Ticket" was organized and led by Governor Smallwood. Turnout in Baltimore was around 99%, and almost every ballot was cast for the Chesapeake Ticket. Statewide, the ticket won an overwhelming majority, securing all six seats. This victory threatened the county-based rural oligarchy, prompting the House of Delegates to transition from a mixed system to a district-based system on December 19, 1790. Under this new system, all of Baltimore's votes would go to just one representative, Hartford County was grouped with Kent and Cecil Counties, and Anne Arundel County was grouped with Prince George's County and Annapolis. With the base of the Chesapeake "party" split between three districts, the Chesapeake faction would disappear. The political pattern created by this division would, however, "linger on indefinitely."[6]

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 1 Michael J. Stone Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.
Maryland 2 Joshua Seney Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Joshua Seney (Chesapeake; Anti-Admin.) 57.1%
  • ▌James Tilghman (Potomac) 42.9%
Maryland 3 Benjamin Contee Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.
Winner later resigned due to questions of eligibility due to his residence and was replaced in a special election by John Francis Mercer (Anti-Admin.).[7]
Maryland 4 William Smith Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Administration hold.
Maryland 5 George Gale Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration hold.
Maryland 6 Daniel Carroll Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Administration gain.

Massachusetts

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Main article: 1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This condition was met in four of the eight districts, the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Fisher Ames Pro-
Administration 		1788 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 2 Benjamin Goodhue Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 3 Elbridge Gerry Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 4 Theodore Sedgwick Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5 George Partridge Pro-
Administration 		1788 Incumbent resigned August 14, 1790.
Pro-Administration hold.
First ballot (October 4, 1790)
  • ▌Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 41.8%
  • ▌Thomas Davis (Unknown) 37.3%
  • ▌Joshua Thomas (Unknown) 20.9%
Second ballot (November 26, 1790)
  • ▌ Y Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 65.3%
  • ▌Joshua Thomas (Unknown) 27.2%
  • ▌Thomas Davis (Unknown) 7.5%
Massachusetts 6 George Leonard
Redistricted from the 7th district 		Pro-
Administration 		1788 Incumbent re-elected.
First ballot (October 4, 1790)
Second ballot (November 26, 1790)
Third ballot (January 25, 1791)
Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791)
Fifth ballot (July 18, 1791)
Sixth ballot (September 8, 1791)
Seventh ballot (November 11, 1791)
Eighth ballot (December 26, 1791)
Ninth ballot (April 2, 1792)
Massachusetts 7 Jonathan Grout
Redistricted from the 8th district 		Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.
First ballot (October 4, 1790)
  • ▌Jonathan Grout (Anti-Admin.) 39.1%
  • ▌Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 39.0%
  • ▌John Sprague (Unknown) 14.5%
  • ▌Nathan Tyler (Unknown) 7.4%
Second ballot (November 26, 1790)
Massachusetts 8 George Thatcher
Redistricted from the 6th district 		Pro-
Administration 		1788 Incumbent re-elected.
First ballot (October 4, 1790)
  • ▌George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 37.2%
  • ▌William Lithgow (Unknown) 22.3%
  • ▌Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 16.1%
  • ▌Josiah Thatcher (Unknown) 9.2%
  • ▌William Martin (Unknown) 4.9%
  • ▌Arthur Noble (Unknown) 3.6%
  • ▌Daniel Davis (Unknown) 1.8%
  • ▌Peleg Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) 1.5%
Second ballot (November 26, 1790)
Third ballot (January 25, 1791)
Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791)

New Hampshire

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Hampshire at-large
3 seats on a general ticket 		Abiel Foster Pro-Administration 1789 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration hold.
Samuel Livermore Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration.
Nicholas Gilman Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.

New Jersey

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Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey
See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[i]
New Jersey at-large
4 seats on a general ticket 		Elias Boudinot Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Others
  • ▌John Sheppard (Unknown) 1.9%
  • ▌Joseph Ellis (Unknown) 1.7%
  • ▌Robert Ogden (Unknown) 1.5%
  • ▌James Schureman (Pro-Admin.) 1.5%
  • ▌John Harring (Unknown) 1.1%
  • ▌John Hugg (Unknown) 1.1%
Lambert Cadwalader Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration hold.
James Schureman Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration hold.
Thomas Sinnickson Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration hold.

New York

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
See also: List of United States representatives from New York

New York's districts were not numbered at the time, therefore the numbering here is retroactive.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1 William Floyd Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.
Winner died May 24, 1790, before the start of the 2nd Congress. A special election was then held (see above).
New York 2 John Laurance Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 3 Egbert Benson Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 4 John Hathorn Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Administration hold.
New York 5 Peter Silvester Pro-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Peter Silvester (Pro-Admin.) 58.4%
  • ▌John Livingston (Anti-Admin.) 41.6%
New York 6 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer Anti-
Administration 		1789 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.

North Carolina

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See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and elected its representatives after admission.

1st Congress

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 1
"Roanoke division" 		State ratified the Constitution
November 21, 1789. 		First member elected March 24, 1790.
Anti-Administration win.
Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.
North Carolina 2
"Edenton and New Bern division" 		First member elected March 24, 1790.
Anti-Administration win.
Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.
North Carolina 3
"Cape Fear division" 		First member elected March 24, 1790.
Anti-Administration win.
Winner later lost re-election to the next term; see below.
North Carolina 4
"Yadkin division" 		First member elected March 24, 1790.
Pro-Administration win.
Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.
North Carolina 5
"Western division" 		First member elected March 24, 1790.
Pro-Administration win.
District covered areas that were ceded to in May 1790 to form the Southwest Territory, but member retained seat for the remainder of term.

2nd Congress

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Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina

Due to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old 5th district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 1
"Yadkin Division" 		John Steele
Redistricted from the 4th district 		Pro-
Administration 		1790 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y John Steele (Pro-Admin.) 87.3%
  • ▌Joseph MacDowell (Anti-Admin.) 12.7%
North Carolina 2
"Centre Division" 		None (new district) New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.
North Carolina 3 John Baptista Ashe
Redistricted from the 1st district 		Anti-
Administration 		1790 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 4
"Albemarle Division" 		Hugh Williamson
Redistricted from the 2nd district 		Anti-
Administration 		1790 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 5
"Cape Fear Division" 		Timothy Bloodworth
Redistricted from the 3rd district 		Anti-
Administration 		1790 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.

Pennsylvania

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Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania had elected its Representatives at-large in the 1st Congress, but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress. Five incumbents ran for re-election, four of whom won, while three others retired leaving three open seats. Two districts had no incumbents residing in them, while one (the 8th district) had a single representative who declined to run for re-election and one (the 2nd district) had three incumbents, only one of whom ran for re-election.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[8]
Pennsylvania 1 Thomas Fitzsimons
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 2 Frederick Muhlenberg
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
George Clymer
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent retired.
Pro-Administration loss.
Henry Wynkoop
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent retired.
Pro-Administration loss.
Pennsylvania 3 Peter Muhlenberg
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Anti-Administration 1788 Incumbent lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.
Pennsylvania 4 Daniel Hiester
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Anti-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 5 None (new district) New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.
Pennsylvania 6 None (new district) New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.
  • ▌ Y Andrew Gregg (Anti-Admin.) 51.2%
  • ▌John Allison (Pro-Admin.) 18.3%
  • ▌James McLean (Anti-Admin.) 10.9%
  • ▌Thomas Johnston (Pro-Admin.) 10.3%
  • ▌William Montgomery (Anti-Admin.) 9.3%
Pennsylvania 7 Thomas Hartley
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 8 Thomas Scott
Redistricted from the at-large district 		Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Administration gain.

Rhode Island

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See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

1st Congress

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Main article: August 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island

Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. It elected its representatives after admission.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Rhode Island at-large State ratified the U.S. Constitution May 29, 1790. First member elected August 31, 1790.
Pro-Administration win.
Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.
  • ▌ Y Benjamin Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 72.7%
  • ▌Job Comstock (Unknown) 23.2%
  • ▌James Sheldon (Unknown) 3.4%[i]

2nd Congress

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Main article: October 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island

Rhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18, 1790, about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state's late ratification of the Constitution.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Rhode Island at-large Benjamin Bourne Pro-
Administration 		August 1790 Incumbent re-elected.

South Carolina

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1
"Charleston Division" 		William L. Smith Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 2
"Beaufort Division" 		Aedanus Burke Anti-Administration 1788 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Pro-Administration gain.
South Carolina 3
"Georgetown Division" 		Daniel Huger Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 4
"Camden Division" 		Thomas Sumter Anti-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 5
"Ninety-Six Division" 		Thomas Tudor Tucker Anti-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected.

Vermont

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Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont
See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

Vermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the 1st district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[i]
Vermont 1
"Western Division" 		New state admitted. First member elected.
Anti-Administration win.
First ballot (July 13, 1791)
Second ballot (September 6, 1791)
Vermont 2
"Eastern Division" 		New state admitted. First member elected.
Anti-Administration win.

Virginia

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Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Virginia 1 Alexander White Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 2 John Brown Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 3 Andrew Moore Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4 Richard Bland Lee Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 5 James Madison Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 6 Isaac Coles Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Administration hold.
Virginia 7 John Page Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 8 Josiah Parker Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Josiah Parker (Anti-Admin.) 76.1%
  • ▌Isaac Avery (Unknown) 23.9%
Virginia 9 William B. Giles Anti-Administration 1790 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y William B. Giles (Anti-Admin.) 59.3%
  • ▌Thomas Edmonds (Pro-Admin.) 40.6%
  • ▌John Mason (Unknown) 0.1%
Virginia 10 Samuel Griffin Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Administration.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Excluding states that joined during the Second Congress and a very late run-off election in Massachusetts's 6th congressional district.
  2. ^ 2 more seats were added by the admission of new states after the start of this Congress
  3. ^ a b Includes the late election from Kentucky who was admitted to the union after the 2nd Congress had started to meet, and did not hold their elections for U.S. representatives until June 1791
  4. ^ Including three Chesapeake members who were Pro-Administration
  5. ^ Including three Chesapeake members who were Anti-Administration
  6. ^ Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.
  7. ^ add Massachusetts required a majority for electionitional trials were required in 4 districts, held between November 26, 1790, and April 2, 1792.
  8. ^ A majority was required for election, which was not met in one of the districts necessitating a second election on September 6, 1791
  9. ^ a b c d Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed
  10. ^ Source does not give first name
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Source does not give numbers of votes or has incomplete data
  12. ^ Changed from Pro-Administration to Anti-Administration between the 1st and 2nd Congresses
  13. ^ and Had been Pro-Administration previous electionwould switch back to Pro-Administration in the next election

References

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  1. ^ a b "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  2. ^ Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (2013). Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University. pp. 26–27.
  3. ^ 1 Stat. 191
  4. ^ "Connecticut 1790 U.S. House of Representatives". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2018., citing The Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). October 22, 1790.
  5. ^ Ridgway, Whitman H. (2018). Community Leadership in Maryland, 1790-1840: A Comparative Analysis of Power in Society. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469648040.
  6. ^ a b Renzulli, L. Marx (1973). Maryland: the Federalist Years. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 149–155. ISBN 9780838679036.
  7. ^ "Second Congress (membership roster)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  8. ^ Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project
  9. ^ Lampi, Philip. "Pennsylvania 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved May 22, 2024.

Bibliography

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