Undines (/ˈʌndiːnz, ənˈdiːnz/; also ondines) are a category of elemental beings associated with water, stemming from the alchemical writings of Paracelsus. Later writers developed the undine into a water nymph in its own right, and it continues to live in modern literature and art through such adaptations as Danish Hans Christian Andersen's 1837 "The Little Mermaid" and the 1811 novella Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué.
 Undine | |
| Grouping | Legendary creature |
|---|---|
| First attested | In folklore |
| Region | Europe |
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Etymology
editThe term Undine first appears in the alchemical writings of Paracelsus,[1] a Renaissance alchemist and physician. It derives from the Latin word unda, meaning "wave", and first appears in Paracelsus' A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits, published posthumously in 1566.[2] Ondine is an alternative spelling,[3] and has become a female given name.[4]
Elementals
editParacelsus believed that each of the four classical elements—earth, water, air and fire—is inhabited by different categories of elemental spirits, liminal creatures that share our world: gnomes, undines, sylphs and salamanders respectively.[5] According to Paracelsus (as paraphrased by occultist Manly P. Hall), the spiritual inhabitants of the elements are "invisible, spiritual counterparts of visible Nature ... many resembling human beings in shape, and inhabiting worlds of their own, unknown to man because his undeveloped senses were incapable of functioning beyond the limitations of the grosser elements".[6][8]
Description and common attributes
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Undines are almost invariably depicted as being female, which is consistent with the ancient Greek idea that water is a female element.[9] They are usually found in forest pools and waterfalls,[10] and their beautiful singing voices[11] are sometimes heard over the sound of water. The group contains many species, including nereides, limnads, naiades, mermaids and potamides.[9]
What undines lack, compared to humans, is an immortal soul.[12] Marriage with a human shortens their lives on Earth, but earns them an immortal human soul,[13] a view which was professed by Paracelsus.[14]
The offspring of a union between an undine and a man are humans with a soul, but also with some kind of aquatic characteristic, called a watermark. Moses Binswanger, the protagonist in Hansjörg Schneider's Das Wasserzeichen (1997), has a cleft in his throat, for instance, which must be periodically submerged in water to prevent it from becoming painful.[15]
Paracelsus
editThe ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles (c. 490 – c. 430 BC) was the first to propose that the four classical elements were sufficient to explain everything present in the world.[16]
Paracelsus's view of elemental spirits may have grown out of the folklore that very human-like race of spirits existing in a different "plane" from humans, according to Celticist Henry Jenner.[17]
Thus in the "astral plane" (or "Chaos", in Paracelsian jargon)[18] for each of the four elements, earth, air/wind, fire, and water, there resided four types of spiritual beings, a view held by Paracelsus according to his Liber de Nymphis. These spirits are like unto human beings, but not endowed with immortal souls.[12][19] But Undines ("water women", "water people"[20]) in particular are able to consort with humans more than the spirits of other elements, and are most capable of entering into marriage with a human male, thus earning a kernel of the immortality. The children born to her will be imparted with human souls as well. For this reason, the Undines (also called Nymphs) yearn to marry a human husband.[20][14][19] If a man has an Undine/Nymph for a wife, he must be careful not to offend her in the presence of water, or she will return to her element.[21][22][19]
This motif of the husband's calumny causing Undine's departure also occurs in Fouquet's novella (and Hoffmann's opera[23]). Undine's husband Huldbrand had been forewarned not to do so,[24] but he rekindles his unfaithful relationship with Bertalda, he commits the insult, and she splashes away beneath the Danube.[19]
Paracelsus also emphasizes that even if the sylph/undine has returned to water, the marriage still remains valid, and she cannot be presumed to be dead,[25] another theme exploited by Fouquet's novella: thus, as her husband's transgression necessitates her departure into the watery world, she makes the insistence on her husband that his vow of fidelity still remains in place, and breaking it would have deadly consequence.[26][27] And she continues to remind to her husband to remain faithful, in the form of a message in a dream between the swan song.[28]
According to Paracelsus, the Undine will still receive her place on the Day of Judgment,[25] i.e., she will still preserve the immortal soul she earned through marriage.
David Gallagher argues that, although they had Paracelsus as a source, 19th and 20th-century German authors found inspiration for their many versions of undine in classical literature, particularly Ovid's Metamorphoses, especially given the transformation of many of their undines into springs: Hyrie (book VII) and Egeria (book XV) are two such characters.[29]
Cultural references
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Later writers embellished Paracelsus' undine classification by developing it into a water nymph in its own right. The romance Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, published in 1811, is based on a passage in Paracelsus' Book on Nymphs in which he relates how an undine can acquire an immortal soul by marrying a human,[30] although it likely also borrows from the 17th-century Rosicrucian novel Comte de Gabalis.[31]
Ondine was the title of one of the poems in Aloysius Bertrand's collection Gaspard de la Nuit of 1842. This poem inspired the first movement of Maurice Ravel's 1908 piano suite Gaspard de la nuit.
The character of Mélisande from Maurice Maeterlinck's symbolist play Pelléas et Mélisande has been seen as an Undine figure. Debussy, Sibelius, Fauré, and Schoenberg all wrote music adaptions of the play.[32][33][34] The 1939 play Ondine by French dramatist Jean Giraudoux is also based upon Fouqué's novella,[35] as is Ondine, a ballet by composer Hans Werner Henze and choreographer Frederick Ashton[36] with Margot Fonteyn as Undine.[37] Austrian author Ingeborg Bachmann, a friend of Henze's who collaborated with him frequently, attended the premiere of the ballet in London, and published her short story "Undine geht" in the collection Das dreißigste Jahr (1961),[38] in which Undine "is neither a human nor a water spirit, but an idea".[37]
Fouqué's Undine also exerted an influence on Hans Christian Andersen's "The Little Mermaid" (1837),[39][40] and H.D. plays on this identification in her autobiographical novel HERmione (1927).[41][42] Burton Pollin notes the popularity of the tale in the English-speaking world: translations in English appeared in 1818 and 1830, and a "superior version" was published by American churchman Thomas Tracy in 1839 and reprinted in 1824, 1840, 1844, and 1845; he estimates that by 1966 almost a hundred English versions had been printed, including adaptations for children. Edgar Allan Poe was profoundly influenced by Fouqué's tale, according to Pollin, which may have come about through Poe's broad reading of Walter Scott and Samuel Taylor Coleridge:[43] Scott had derived the character of the White Lady of Avenel (The Monastery, 1820) from Undine,[44] and a passage by Coleridge on Undine was reprinted in Tracy's 1839 edition.[43]
French composer Claude Debussy included a piece called "Ondine" in his collection of piano preludes written in 1913 (Preludes, Book 2, No. 8).
A poem by Seamus Heaney titled "Undine" appears in his 1969 collection Door into the Dark. The poem is narrated from the first-person perspective of the water nymph itself.
Japanese pianist Yukie Nishimura composed a piece of piano music titled Undine in late 1980s.
The composer Carl Reinecke wrote the "Sonata Undine" for flute and piano, opus 167, first published in 1882.
In pop culture
editIn an issue of DC Comics "The Super Friends" (issue #14 published 1978), the heroes battle a group of people calling themselves "The Elementals". When The Elementals are defeated, they reveal that they are elemental spirits who have possessed humans, in an attempt to become heroes to do good and earn souls. The Elementals call themselves Gnome, Sylph, Salamander, and Undine.
Undine (ウンディーネ) is mentioned in the VOCALOID song "Kochira, Koufuku Anshin Iinkai desu (こちら、幸福安心委員会です)" by Utata-P.
In 1972 the American rock Band Blue Oyster Cult's debut album, the song "Workshop of Telescopes" mentions Undine "By silverfish imperatrix, whose incorrupted eye Sees through the charms of doctors and their wives, By salamander, drake, and the power that was Undine." The band is known for its references to alchemy in other songs.
In the 1993 video game Secret of Mana, Undine is the first spirit the player encounters.
In the Japanese manga Aria and its numerous anime adaptations, gondola operators are referred to as "Prima Undine".
In the 2002 video game Touhou Koumakyou: The Embodiment of Scarlet Devil, a spell card called Water Sign "Princess Undine" is used by Patchouli Knowledge.
Another Japanese manga and anime series, Black Clover by Yuki Tabata, depicts a Water Spirit by the name of Undine who is contracted to the Queen of the Heart Kingdom. There is also a Fire Spirit, Salamander, who used to be partnered with Fana of the Eye of the Midnight Sun before she was released from her enchantment. Salamander then transferred to Captain Fuegoleon of the Crimson Lion Kings. One of the main characters, Yuno, a member of the Golden Dawn, has the Wind Spirit Sylph, who he names Bell. Currently there is no Earth Spirit that has been revealed, but the manga is ongoing.
Species 8472, introduced in Star Trek: Voyager, became known as the Undine in Star Trek Online.
The main protagonist of the 2015 webcomic Sleepless Domain is named Undine Wells, and is a magical girl with the ability to control water. She is a member of Team Alchemical, a group of magical girls collectively themed around the classical elements of alchemical tradition; her teammates' names also allude to other elemental spirits from Paracelsus' writings.
The 2015 video game Undertale (and its alternate universe sequel, Deltarune) contains a character named Undyne, a fish-like woman who is likely named after the undine.
In 2017 Ryan Jude Novelline created a gown that he displayed at New York Comic Con based on the story of Undine.[45]
The eponymous Undine Barge Club of Philadelphia is an amateur rowing club on Boathouse Row in Philadelphia.
Undine is the title and the main character of a 2020 German movie directed by Christian Petzold.
Ondine's curse
editCongenital central hypoventilation syndrome, a rare medical condition in which those affected lack autonomic control of their breathing and are hence at risk of suffocation while sleeping, is also known as Ondine's curse.[46] Ondine, the eponymous heroine of Giraudoux's play, tells her future husband Hans, whom she has just met, that "I shall be the shoes of your feet ... I shall be the breath of your lungs".[47] Ondine makes a pact with her uncle, the King of the Ondines, that if Hans ever deceives her he will die. After their honeymoon Hans is reunited with his first love, the Princess Bertha, and Ondine leaves him, only to be captured by a fisherman six months later. On meeting Ondine again on the day of his wedding to Bertha, Hans tells her that "all the things my body once did by itself, it does now only by special order ... A single moment of inattention and I forget to breathe".[48] Hans and Ondine kiss, and he dies.
Critics have pointed out that medical texts on the syndrome frequently misinterpret Ondine as a vengeful or malevolent character; in the play, Ondine is not responsible for the curse and tries to save Hans.[49]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Silver (2000), p. 38
- ^ "undine, n", Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.), Oxford University Press, 2014, retrieved 3 January 2015
- ^ Meletinskiĭ (1998), p. 472
- ^ Rifkin (2011), p. 258
- ^ Alban (2003), pp. 47–48
- ^ Hall (1928), p. 105.
- ^ Hartmann, Franz (1902). "V. Pneumatology". The Life and the Doctrines of Paracelsus. New York: Theosophical Publishing Company. pp. 151–157.
- ^ Cf. also Hartmann (1902)[7] on Paracelsus.
- ^ a b Hall (1928), p. 107.
- ^ Bane (2013), p. 333
- ^ Woodworth & Pope Morris (1827), p. 2
- ^ a b Hartmann (1902), pp. 151–152.
- ^ Fass, Barbara F. (1972). "The Little Mermaid and the Artist's Quest for a Soul". Comparative Literature Studies. 9 (3): 291–302. JSTOR 40246020.
- ^ a b Hartmann (1902), pp. 155–156.
- ^ Haberl, Franz P. (1998). "Das Wasserzeichen". World Literature Today. 72 (3): 606–607. doi:10.2307/40154091. JSTOR 40154091.
- ^ Macauley (2010), p. 72
- ^ Silver (2000), p. 40:
The subdivisions and elaborations [of nature spirits] ... by Paracelsus, the Rosicrucians, and the modern theosophists are no doubt amplifications of that popular belief in the existence of a race, neither divine nor human, but very like to human beings, who existed on a "plane" different from that of humans, though occupying the same space which ... resembles the theory of these mystics in its main outlines, and was probably what suggested it to them.
- ^ Hartmann (1902), pp. 155.
- ^ a b c d Roeder, Birgit (2002). "Fouqué, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron de la Motte 1777–1843". In Murray, Christopher John (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850. Routledge. pp. 369–371. ISBN 9781135455798.
- ^ a b Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 238.
- ^ Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 242:"When they have been provoked in any way by their husbands while they are on water, they simply drop into the water, and nobody can find them any more. To the husband it is as if she were drowned.. And yet.. he many not consider her dead."
- ^ Hartmann (1902), pp. 156–157.
- ^ Bodson, Liliane (2017). E.T.A. Hoffmann's Musical Aesthetics. Routledge. pp. 329–330. ISBN 9781351569118.
- ^ Alban (2003), p. 55, quoting La Motte pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b Paracelsus & Sigerist tr. (1941), p. 242.
- ^ Markx, Francien (2015). E. T. A. Hoffmann, Cosmopolitanism, and the Struggle for German Opera. BRILL. p. 245. ISBN 9789004309579.
- ^ Alban (2003), p. 56: "her union with him extends to her own watery element".
- ^ Alban (2003), p. 56.
- ^ Gallagher (2009), p. 345
- ^ Sax (1998), p. 129
- ^ Seeber, Edward D. (1944). "Sylphs and Other Elemental Beings in French Literature since Le Comte de Gabalis (1670)". PMLA. 59 (1): 71–83. doi:10.2307/458845. JSTOR 458845. S2CID 163381869.
- ^ Begam & Smith (2016), p. 88
- ^ Gallagher (2009), p. 357
- ^ Jacobs (2006), p. 53
- ^ Gallagher (2009), p. 352
- ^ Lillyman, W. J. (1971). "Fouqué's "Undine"". Studies in Romanticism. 1 0 (2): 94–104. doi:10.2307/25599791. JSTOR 25599791.
- ^ a b Holschuh, Albrecht (1995). "Relevanz, Philologie und Baackmanns Arbeit über Bachmanns "Undine geht"". The German Quarterly. 68 (4): 430–33. doi:10.2307/407799. JSTOR 407799.
- ^ Baackmann, Susanne (1995), "'Beinah mörderisch wahr': Die neue Stimme der Undine. Zum Mythos von Weiblichkeit und Liebe in Ingeborg Bachmanns "Undine geht"", The German Quarterly, 68 (1): 45–49, doi:10.2307/408021, JSTOR 408021
- ^ Høyrup (2008), p. 372
- ^ Holbek, Bengt (1990). "Hans Christian Andersen's Use of Folktales". Merveilles & Contes. 4 (2): 220–32. JSTOR 41380775.
- ^ H.D. (1981), p. 120
- ^ Friedman (2008), p. 114
- ^ a b Pollin, Burton R. (1975). "Undine in the Works of Poe". Studies in Romanticism. 14 (1): 59–74. doi:10.2307/25599958. JSTOR 25599958.
- ^ Boatright, Mody C. (1935). "Scott's Theory and Practice concerning the Use of the Supernatural in Prose Fiction in Relation to the Chronology of the Waverley Novels". PMLA. 50 (1): 235–61. doi:10.2307/458292. JSTOR 458292. S2CID 163367427.
- ^ Acuna, Kirsten (October 9, 2017). "Photos of the best cosplay from New York Comic Con 2017". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
- ^ Robinson (2010), p. 28
- ^ Weiss (1964), p. 334
- ^ Weiss (1964), p. 364
- ^ Sugar, Oscar (1978). "In Search of Ondine's Curse". JAMA. 1978, 240 (3): 236–237. doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03290030054019. PMID 351225.
Bibliography
edit- Alban, Gillian M. E. (2003). Melusine the Serpent Goddess in A. S. Byatt's Possession and in Mythology. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739104712.
- Bane, Theresa (2013). Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-1242-3.
- Begam, Richard; Smith, Matthew Wilson, eds. (2016). Modernism and Opera. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-2062-2.
- Friedman, Susan Stanford (2008). Penelope's Web: Gender, Modernity, H. D.'s Fiction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-05001-2.
- Gallagher, David (2009). Metamorphosis: Transformations of the Body and the Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses on Germanic Literature of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2708-4.
- Hall, Manly P. (1928). "The Elements and Their Inhabitants". The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy. San Francisco: H. S. Crocker – via sacred-texts.com/Evinity Publishing.
- -- (1928); edited for the web by Mario Lampié (2009), pp. 319ff via Internet Archive.
- H.D. (1981). HERmione. New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-0817-8.
- Høyrup, Helene (2008). "Fouqué, Friedrich de la Motte (1777–1843)". In Haase, Donald Haase (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: A-F. Greenwood. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-313-33442-9.
- Jacobs, Laura A. (2006). Landscape with Moving Figures: A Decade on Dance. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-59791-001-9.
- Macauley, David (2010). Elemental Philosophy: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water as Environmental Ideas. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-3246-5.
- Meletinskiĭ, Eleazar Moiseevich (1998). The Poetics of Myth. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-2134-7.
- Paracelsus (1996) [1941]. "IV. A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits". Four Treatises of Theophrastus Von Hohenheim Called Paracelsus. Translated by Sigerist, Henry. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 213–255. ISBN 9780801855238.
- Rifkin, June (2011). The Everything Baby Names Book: From classic to contemporary, 50,000 baby names that you—and your child—will love. Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-4405-2753-1.[permanent dead link]
- Robinson, Andrew (2010). Sudden Genius?: The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956995-3.
- Sax, Boria (1998). The Serpent and the Swan: The Animal Bride in Folklore and Literature. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-939923-68-7.
- Silver, Carole G. (2000). Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512199-5.
- Weiss, Samuel A. (1964). Drama in the Modern World: Plays & Essays. D.C. Heath & Company. ISBN 978-0-669-83121-4.
- Woodworth, Samuel; Pope Morris, George (1827). The New-York Mirror, and Ladies' Literary Gazette. George P. Morris.
External links
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