This article needs to be updated. (April 2022) |
Television has a long history in Ukraine, where regular television broadcasting started during the Soviet years in 1951. However the first ever TV broadcast took place on 1 February 1939 in Kyiv. Since then TV broadcasting has expanded, particularly after the fall of Communism in 1989, and now there are many different channels and groups in the Ukrainian TV market.
History
editThe first official broadcast took place in Kyiv on 1 February 1939.[1] It was 40 minutes long and showed the portrait of Sergo Ordzhonikidze.[1] After being interrupted by World War II, on 6 November 1951, transmissions resumed when the Kyiv TV Studios were opened with a live broadcast of the patriotic movie "The Great Glow" - 6 November has since then been marked as the birthday of Ukrainian television.[1] The next day the telecentre went on the air again celebrating the 34th anniversary of the October Revolution with a special live broadcast from central Kyiv, the first outdoor broadcasts in Ukrainian TV history.[1]
On 1 May 1952, Labor Day, a live concert was aired on film (shot in the small and only pavilion of the studios known as "Studio B") starring Ukrainian singers, soloists of the Kyiv Taras Shevchenko Opera Theater.[1] The anchorwoman of the concert was the Kyiv Telecentre's first announcer – Novella Serapionova.[citation needed] In 1953, the construction of the building of the Kyiv Telecentre on Khreshchatyk was completed,[1] right after Moscow and Leningrad's broadcasting studios were both completed.[citation needed] Regular programming started to go on air beginning November 1956.[1] Until that year, the Kyiv TV Station went on air twice a day showing feature films or documentaries on a test basis.[1] Live broadcasting was the only form of broadcasting during those early years from Kyiv, as well as relays from Moscow via Smolensk and Rostov-on-Don transmitters and film sent from there.[1] Videotaped productions (save for news programming and special coverages that were aired live) became the usual form for many productions in the mid-1960s.[1]
As a result of an ongoing expansion of broadcasts to other parts of Ukraine thru the building of remote studios and broadcast transmitters, it was needed for DerTelRadio - the State Committee of Radio and TV of Ukraine, operators of the TV service - to consider stating nationwide broadcasts, coupled with the future launch of satellite broadcasting. The long-awaited national channel signed on at last on January 20, 1965, under the name UT-1 (Ukrainian television-1), today Pershyi, while on March 6, 1972, a second channel, UT-2, signed on - on the basis of part of the original 1956 channel.[1] The UT network switched to SECAM Colour in 1976, its 20th anniversary. In 1983, construction began on new broadcasting studios at 42 Melnyk Street, which opened after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1993.[1]
After the Orange Revolution, Ukrainian television became more free.[2] In February 2009 the National Council for Television and Radio Broadcasting claimed that "political pressure on mass media increased in recent times through amending laws and other normative acts to strengthen influence on mass media and regulatory bodies in this sphere".[3]
As of January 2009, Ukrainian Prime Minister, Yulia Tymoshenko refused to appear in Inter TV-programmes "until journalists, management and owners of the TV channel stop destroying the freedom of speech and until they remember the essence of their profession - honesty, objectiveness, and unbiased stand".[4]
In early March 2014, Ukraine-based TV channels were removed in Crimea ahead of the Russian annexation referendum.[5] Later that month, the Ukrainian National Council for TV and Radio Broadcasting ordered measures against some Russian TV channels accused of broadcasting misleading information about Ukraine.[6][7] In February 2015 the law "On protection information television and radio space of Ukraine," banned the showing (on Ukrainian television) of "audiovisual works" that contain "popularization, propaganda, any action of law enforcement agencies, armed forces, other military or security forces of an invader" was enacted.[8] One year later Russian productions (on Ukrainian television) had decreased by 300 to 400 percent.[8] 15 more Russian TV channels were banned in March 2016.[9]
According to the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No.509 dated June 13, 2018, analogue broadcasting was disconnected on the territory of Kirovohrad Oblast and Kyiv from July 31, 2018. The date of the switch-off of analogue broadcasting on the rest of Ukraine is August 31, 2018[10]
A Research & Branding Group February 2021 poll found that for the first time Ukrainians preferred the Internet as their primary news source instead of television (51% preferred the Internet and 41% TV).[11]
Digital television
editIn 2007 and 2008, experimental DVB-T broadcasts of few channels started in Kyiv and Odesa. Those turned out to be successful. Yet the DTT National Program is not approved by the government, thus the process is stuck. Because there are two versions of the program submitted: from the Ministry of Transport and Communications as well as from the State Committee of Television and Radio, there is no particular progress in 2008.
On 26 November 2008, the National Program of the Ministry was approved, but the final version and the public announcement of this fact is still on hold. Current version of the program does not take into notice any kind of Government financing, and the budget is to be private only, which will highly affect the TV industry and commercial broadcasters.
Besides there are 3rd parties, such as Television Industry Committee and National Association of Broadcasters which represent the communities of National and regional broadcasters respectively. Both organizations help the switchover not to affect the business of over 20 National and over 150 regional broadcasters.
The International Forum 'Digital Broadcasting in Ukraine' is the annual event that takes place in Kyiv, Ukraine. Its mission is to gather the most of international consultants and Ukrainian specialists to solve industry's problems in the DTT field. In 2008 the 2nd International Forum took place in Kyiv also. BBC, Deloitte and the Ministry of Communications of Finland representatives share the vision of possible plan of DTT implementation in Ukraine, delivering the best experiences from UK, Finland, France and US. Still none was taken into notice yet. It is now confirmed[12][13] that Ukraine's national terrestrial TV network, which is scheduled to be launched in September 2011, will use the DVB-T2 standard for all four nationwide FTA multiplexes, for both SD and HD broadcasts. Before settling for DVB-T2, Ukraine was testing both DVB-T/MPEG-2 and DVB-T/MPEG-4 options, and some experimental transmitters operating in those standards are still alive.
Other technologies
editCommercial MMDS digital TV services work in Kyiv and some other cities.
DVB-C services delivering premium channels (in addition to standard analogue channels) launched in cable networks of Kyiv, Odesa, Kremenchuk, Poltava, Donetsk and some other cities.
Broadcasting
editAs of February 2019, television broadcasting in Ukraine is available in a colour digital format, via:
- digital TV
- satellite TV
- cable television (Volia, regional operators)
- online services and IPTV (the most famous ones are Divan TV, Sweet TV, MEGOGO, Handy TV)
There is a choice between several free-to-air commercial broadcasters as well as the public broadcaster, the Suspilne. In addition to its metropolitan asset, Pershyi and an art station, Suspilne Kultura, the Suspilne also owns regional stations in all regions of Ukraine. A national parliamentary channel, Rada, is available too.
Commercial television is dominated by three major broadcasters: 1+1 media, StarLightMedia and Inter Media Group, which is the smallest Ukrainian major broadcaster. One of the main Ukrainian news channels, Channel 5, belongs to a former president of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko.
Regional television in Ukraine consists primarily of independently owned networks not affiliated with major broadcasters in each region.
Subscription television consists of various providers. The largest providers are Kyivstar, Viasat and Volia. In remote areas, there are many small independent providers that provide either satellite or cable television services.
Community television launched in mid-2010s to broadcast Euromaidan protests. As of 2019, the sector is represented by Hromadske.tv which is an Internet television station.
List of channels
editTerrestrial channels
editSatellite and cable
edit- English Club TV
- Music Box UA
- 8 channel
- EU Music
- 4ever Music
- BoutiqueTV
- Eko-TV
- Milady Television
- Malyatko TV
- Pershyi Avtomobilny Channel
- Pershyi Dilovyi Channel
- Telekanal 24
- CHP.Info
- Nadiya (Hope Channel Ukraine)
- Sonce TV
- PORT-MONE TV
- CNL Ukraine
- Discovery Channel Ukraine
- TLC Ukraine
- National Geographic Channel Ukraine
- Da Vinci Learning Ukraine
- Deutsche Welle
Local
editInternational
edit- 1+1 International
- Inter+
- FreeDom (also broadcast in DTT in Estonia and local MUX in Lithuania)
- Kvartal TV International
Criticism
editSome political and public activists [who?] criticize Ukrainian television, mainly some national channels, for broadcasting large amounts of content of Russian origin. According to calculations of Boycott Russian Films activists, in September 2014 the amount of Russian productions on the leading Ukrainian channels ("Ukrayina", "ICTV", "NTN", "Novyi Kanal", "Inter", "STB", "2+2", "TET", "K1", "1+1") was approximately 40%. In October and December activists noticed increasing of amounts of Russian content on these channels, then Ukraine was at war with Russia.
Also activists [who?] criticise Ukrainian channels for their language policy. In October 2014 activists have published statistics on content language on Ukrainian channels. According to them, at the time 29% was completely Ukrainian language content, 39.3% completely Russian language content, 23.5% Russian language content with Ukrainian subtitles, and 8.2% bilingual content (both Ukrainian and Russian).
2019 Ukrainian presidential election
editDuring the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election, various Ukrainian television channels supported a candidate for President of Ukraine.[17]
Five groups supported Poroshenko:
Petro Poroshenko's Channel 5 and Pryamiy supported Poroshenko and were very critical of Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Yulia Tymoshenko.
Dmytro Firtash's very powerful Inter supported Yuriy Boyko and Poroshenko.
Rinat Akhmetov's TRK Ukraina, which is owned by Akhmetov's System Capital Management Holdings, supported Poroshenko, Oleh Lyashko, and Oleksandr Vilkul. Akhmetov's Opposition Bloc nominated Vilkul.
Viktor Medvedchuk's Channel 112 and Yevheniy Murayev's NewsOne supported Poroshenko, Lyashko, and Boyko. Medvedchuk's Opposition Platform — For Life nominated Boyko. The godfather of Medvedchuk's daughter is Vladimir Putin.
Petro Dyminskyi's ZIK supported Poroshenko's allies allowing them to explain their story while they were under investigation.
Three TV groups were very critical of Poroshenko:
Ihor Kolomoisky's 1+1 media group supported Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Kolomoisky and Zelenskyy are business partners.
Andriy Sadovyi's Channel 24, supported Anatoliy Hrytsenko and opposed Poroshenko.
Yevheniy Murayev's Nash TV supported Vilkul and was against Poroshenko but neutral to Tymoshenko and Lyashko.
Under the state-owned National Public Broadcasting Company, UA:Pershyi was critical of Poroshenko.
Victor Pinchuk's ICTV, Novyi Kanal and STB were neutral.
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
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Since the start of the invasion on 24 February 2022, most Ukrainian television channels switched over to the signal of Rada TV. The channel was made state-owned at the end of 2021. Following 26 February 2022, the four biggest broadcasters including the TV channels 1+1, 2+2, 24 Kanal, and TRC Ukraina began broadcasting a 24/7 united newscast called United News (Єдині новини) that is produced in turn by the various channels and amended with official information by governmental agencies to "objectively and promptly provide comprehensive information from different regions of the country 24/7".[18][19][20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Історія каналу - Перший Національний канал". 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ [tt_news]=30800 UKRAINIAN PARTIES SCRAMBLE FOR MEDIA, FOREIGN ALLIES, AHEAD OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS, The Jamestown Foundation (August 17, 2005)
- ^ National TV Council Claims Harder Political Pressure On Mass Media Archived 2012-09-19 at archive.today, Ukrainian News Agency (February 6, 2009)
- ^ Inter TV Channel Denies Businessman Firtash's Being Among Shareholders Of Company Archived 2013-02-08 at archive.today, Ukrainian News Agency (January 23, 2009)
- ^ "Crimeans urged to vote against "neo-Nazis" in Kyiv". BBC News. 13 March 2014.
- ^ Ennis, Stephen (12 March 2014). "Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught". BBC News.
- ^ Barry, Ellen; Somaiya, Ravi (5 March 2014). "For Russian TV Channels, Influence and Criticism". The New York Times.
- ^ a b (in Ukrainian) During the year, showing Russian media product fell to 3-4 - National Council, Den (5 February 2016)
- ^ "TV broadcasting council removes 15 more Russian TV channels from adaptation list". Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Про внесення зміни до Плану використання радіочастотного ресурсу України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "In a first, internet bypasses TV as main news source for Ukrainians". www.unian.info. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine will introduce digital TV in the DVB-T2 standard". Archived from the original on 10 April 2011.
- ^ "Запускаем DVB-T2 (Интервью)". Archived from the original on 16 May 2011.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Ми — шості у марафоні. Як Юрій Сугак та команда колишньої "України" запустили телеканал". 7 November 2022.
- ^ "Безкоштовна медіаімперія. Чому влада не хоче відмовитися від телемарафону". 8 April 2024.
- ^ Sorokin, Oleksiy (29 March 2019). "Oligarchs' TV channels give away owners' presidential choices". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ Goldbart, Max (26 February 2022). "Ukraine: Media Groups Join Together For 'United News' & Urge World To Turn Off Russian Channels". Deadline. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Група 1+1 media долучилася до спільного інформаційного ефіру країни "Єдині новини"". Офіційний сайт каналу 1+1 - 1plus1.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Sauer, Pjotr (20 February 2022). "Ukraine suspends 11 political parties". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
Bibliography
edit- Wilson,A. Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World. "Yale University Press", 2005. ISBN 0-300-09545-7