The 1994 United States Senate elections were held November 8, 1994, with the 33 seats of Class 1 contested in regular elections. Special elections were also held to fill vacancies. The Republican Party took control of the Senate from the Democrats. Like for most other midterm elections, the opposition, this time being the Republicans, held the traditional advantage. The congressional Republicans campaigned against the early presidency of Bill Clinton, including his unsuccessful healthcare plan. Democrats held a 56–44 majority, after having lost a seat in Texas in a 1993 special election.
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35 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Results of the elections: Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold No election Rectangular inset (Tennessee): both seats up for election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Republicans successfully defended all of their seats and won 8 from the Democrats by defeating the incumbent Senators Harris Wofford (Pennsylvania) and Jim Sasser (Tennessee), in addition to picking 6 open seats up in Arizona, Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. Notably, since Sasser's defeat coincided with a Republican victory in the special election to replace Al Gore, Tennessee's Senate delegation switched from entirely Democratic to entirely Republican in a single election. That would not happen again until 2021, when the Democrats flipped Georgia's delegation in the state's regularly-scheduled and special Senate elections.
The elections marked the first time Republicans controlled the Senate since January 1987 and coincided with the first change of control in the House of Representatives since January 1955 and a Republican net gain of 10 governorships. Furthermore, this was the first popular election in which Republicans won all Senate seats up in the Deep South. Collectively, the Republican gains are known as the Republican Revolution. Minority leader Robert J. Dole became Majority Leader, and on the Democratic side, Tom Daschle became Minority Leader after the retirement of the previous Democratic leader, George J. Mitchell. It was also the first time since 1980 that Republicans made net gains in the Senate but the last time until 2018 the Republicans also made gains among Class 1 senators.
Initially, the balance was 52–48 in favor of the Republicans, but after the power change, Democrats Richard Shelby and Ben Nighthorse Campbell switched parties and brought the balance to 54–46. Democrat Ron Wyden won a 1996 special election to replace Republican Bob Packwood, which left the balance at 53–47 before the next election cycle. As of 2023[update], it is the last election cycle in which Republicans won Senate elections in Delaware, Michigan, and Washington. These are also the most recent elections from which none of the first-term senators elected remain serving in the Senate as of 2024.
Results summary
edit48 | 52 |
Democratic | Republican |
Parties | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Republican | Libertarian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Last elections (1992) | 57 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 100 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Before these elections | 56 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 100 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not up | 34 | 31 | — | — | 65 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Up | 22 | 13 | — | — | 35 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class 1 (1988→1994) | 20 | 13 | — | — | 33 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Special: Class 2 | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Incumbent retired | 6[a] | 3 | — | — | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Held by same party | 0 | 3 | — | — | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Replaced by other party | 6 Democrats replaced by 6 Republicans | — | — | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Result | 0 | 9 | — | — | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Incumbent ran | 16 | 10 | — | — | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Won re-election | 14 | 10 | — | — | 24 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lost re-election | 2 Democrats replaced by 2 Republicans | — | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lost renomination, but held by same party |
0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Result | 14 | 12 | — | — | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total elected | 14 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 35 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net gain/loss | 8 | 8 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nationwide vote | 25,627,430 | 29,155,739 | 666,183 | 2,838,559 | 58,287,911 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share | 43.97% | 50.02% | 1.14% | 4.87% | 100% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Result | 48 | 52 | — | — | 100 |
Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives[1]
Change in composition
editBefore the elections
editD1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 |
D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 |
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 |
D40 Md. Ran |
D39 Maine Retired |
D38 Hawaii Ran |
D37 Conn. Ran |
D36 Calif. Ran |
D35 Ariz. Retired |
D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 |
D41 Mass. Ran |
D42 Mich. Retired |
D43 Neb. Ran |
D44 Nev. Ran |
D45 N.J. Ran |
D46 N.M. Ran |
D47 N.Y. Ran |
D48 N.D. Ran |
D49 Ohio Retired |
D50 Okla. (sp) Resigned |
Majority → | D51 Pa. Ran | ||||||||
R41 Utah Ran |
R42 Vt. Ran |
R43 Wash. Ran |
R44 Wyo. Retired |
D56 Wisc. Ran |
D55 W.Va. Ran |
D54 Va. Ran |
D53 Tenn. (sp) Retired |
D52 Tenn. (reg) Ran | |
R40 Texas Ran |
R39 R.I. Ran |
R38 Mont. Ran |
R37 Mo. Retired |
R36 Miss. Ran |
R35 Minn. Retired |
R34 Indiana Ran |
R33 Fla. Ran |
R32 Del. Ran |
R31 |
R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 | R29 | R30 |
R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
After the elections
editD1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 |
D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 |
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 |
D40 Neb. Re-elected |
D39 Mass. Re-elected |
D38 Md. Re-elected |
D37 Hawaii Re-elected |
D36 Conn. Re-elected |
D35 Calif. Re-elected |
D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 |
D41 Nev. Re-elected |
D42 N.J. Re-elected |
D43 N.M. Re-elected |
D44 N.Y. Re-elected |
D45 N.D. Re-elected |
D46 Va. Re-elected |
D47 W.Va. Re-elected |
D48 Wis. Re-elected |
R52 Tenn. (sp) Gain |
R51 Tenn. (reg) Gain |
Majority → | |||||||||
R41 Utah Re-elected |
R42 Vt. Re-elected |
R43 Wash. Re-elected |
R44 Wyo. Hold |
R45 Ariz. Gain |
R46 Maine Gain |
R47 Mich. Gain |
R48 Ohio Gain |
R49 Okla. (sp) Gain |
R50 Pa. Gain |
R40 Texas Re-elected |
R39 R.I. Re-elected |
R38 Mont. Re-elected |
R37 Mo. Hold |
R36 Miss. Re-elected |
R35 Minn. Hold |
R34 Indiana Re-elected |
R33 Fla. Re-elected |
R32 Del. Re-elected |
R31 |
R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 | R29 | R30 |
R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
Beginning of the next Congress
editD1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 |
D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 |
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 |
D40 | D39 | D38 | D37 | D36 | D35 | D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 |
D41 | D42 | D43 | D44 | D45 | D46 | R54 Colo. Changed[b] |
R53 Ala. Changed[b] |
R52 | R51 |
Majority on the onset of Republican Revolution → | |||||||||
R41 | R42 | R43 | R44 | R45 | R46 | R47 | R48 | R49 | R50 |
R40 | R39 | R38 | R37 | R36 | R35 | R34 | R33 | R32 | R31 |
R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 | R29 | R30 |
R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
Key |
|
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Gains and losses
editRetirements
editThree Republicans and four Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. Additionally, one Democrat also retired instead of finishing the unexpired term.
Resignations
editOne Democrat resigned three years into his six-year term.
State | Senator | Replaced by |
---|---|---|
Oklahoma (special) | David Boren | Jim Inhofe |
Defeats
editTwo Democrats sought re-election but lost in the general election.
State | Senator | Replaced by |
---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Harris Wofford | Rick Santorum |
Tennessee (regular) | Jim Sasser | Bill Frist |
Post-election changes
editOne Republican resigned on June 11, 1996, was replaced by a Republican appointee. Two Democrats switched to the Republican Party shortly after the election.
State | Senator | Replaced by |
---|---|---|
Kansas (Class 3) |
Bob Dole | Sheila Frahm |
Colorado (Class 3) |
Ben Nighthorse Campbell | Ben Nighthorse Campbell |
Alabama (Class 3) |
Richard Shelby | Richard Shelby |
Race summary
editSpecial elections
editIn these special elections, the winners were elected and seated during 1994.
Elections are sorted by date then state and class.
State (linked to summaries below) |
Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Oklahoma (Class 2) |
David Boren | Democratic | 1978 1984 1990 |
Incumbent resigned November 15, 1994. New senator elected November 8, 1994. Republican gain. Successor seated November 17, 1994. |
|
Tennessee (Class 2) |
Harlan Mathews | Democratic | 1993 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 8, 1994. Republican gain. Successor seated December 2, 1994. |
|
Elections leading to the next Congress
editIn these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1995; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
State (linked to summaries below) |
Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Arizona | Dennis DeConcini | Democratic | 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
|
California | Dianne Feinstein | Democratic | 1992 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Connecticut | Joe Lieberman | Democratic | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Delaware | William Roth | Republican | 1970 1971 (Appointed) 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Florida | Connie Mack III | Republican | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Hawaii | Daniel Akaka | Democratic | 1990 (Appointed) 1990 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Indiana | Richard Lugar | Republican | 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maine | George J. Mitchell | Democratic | 1980 (Appointed) 1982 1988 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
|
Maryland | Paul Sarbanes | Democratic | 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts | Ted Kennedy | Democratic | 1962 (special) 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Michigan | Donald Riegle | Democratic | 1976 1976 (Appointed) 1982 1988 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
Others
|
Minnesota | David Durenberger | Republican | 1978 (special) 1982 1988 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. |
Others
|
Mississippi | Trent Lott | Republican | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Missouri | John Danforth | Republican | 1976 1976 (Appointed) 1982 1988 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. |
|
Montana | Conrad Burns | Republican | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nebraska | Bob Kerrey | Democratic | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nevada | Richard Bryan | Democratic | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
New Jersey | Frank Lautenberg | Democratic | 1982 1982 (Appointed) 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
New Mexico | Jeff Bingaman | Democratic | 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
New York | Daniel Patrick Moynihan | Democratic | 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
North Dakota | Kent Conrad | Democratic–NPL | 1986 1992 (Retired) 1992 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio | Howard Metzenbaum | Democratic | 1974 (Appointed) 1974 (Lost) 1974 (Resigned) 1976 1976 (Appointed) 1982 1988 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
|
Pennsylvania | Harris Wofford | Democratic | 1991 (Appointed) 1991 (special) |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
|
Rhode Island | John Chafee | Republican | 1976 1976 (Appointed) 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee | Jim Sasser | Democratic | 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
|
Texas | Kay Bailey Hutchison | Republican | 1993 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Utah | Orrin Hatch | Republican | 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
Vermont | Jim Jeffords | Republican | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
Virginia | Chuck Robb | Democratic | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Washington | Slade Gorton | Republican | 1980 1986 (Lost) 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
West Virginia | Robert Byrd | Democratic | 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin | Herb Kohl | Democratic | 1988 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wyoming | Malcolm Wallop | Republican | 1976 1982 1988 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. |
|
Closest races
editState | Party of winner | Margin |
---|---|---|
California | Democratic | 1.9% |
Pennsylvania | Republican (flip) | 2.5% |
Virginia | Democratic | 2.7% |
New Jersey | Democratic | 3.3% |
Minnesota | Republican | 5.0%[c] |
New Mexico | Democratic | 8.0% |
Michigan | Republican (flip) | 9.1% |
Vermont | Republican | 9.7% |
Nebraska | Democratic | 9.8% |
Nevada | Democratic | 9.9% |
Arizona
edit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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County results Kyl: 40–50% 50–60% Coppersmith: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Three-term Democratic incumbent Dennis DeConcini retired after being a member of the Keating Five Scandal. Republican Congressman Jon Kyl defeated his Democratic opponent, fellow Congressman Sam Coppersmith by a comfortable margin.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Sam Coppersmith | 81,995 | 32.15% | |
Democratic | Richard Mahoney | 81,863 | 32.10% | |
Democratic | Cindy Resnick | 75,563 | 29.63% | |
Democratic | David Moss | 15,612 | 6.12% | |
Total votes | 200,120 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Jon Kyl | 231,275 | 99.04% | |
Republican | Write-ins | 2,248 | 0.96% | |
Total votes | 231,733 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Libertarian | Scott Grainger | 5,424 | 100.00% | |
Total votes | 5,424 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Jon Kyl | 600,999 | 53.71% | +12.65% | |
Democratic | Sam Coppersmith | 442,510 | 39.54% | −17.17% | |
Libertarian | Scott Grainger | 75,493 | 6.75% | +4.96% | |
Write-ins | 58 | 0.00% | |||
Majority | 158,489 | 14.16% | −1.50% | ||
Turnout | 1,119,060 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
California
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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County results Feinstein: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Huffington: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
|
Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 to fill the seat of Governor Pete Wilson. She faced wealthy Republican Congressman Michael Huffington in her race for a full term. Feinstein emerged victorious by less than two points.
Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Dianne Feinstein (Incumbent) | 1,635,837 | 74.20% | |
Ted J. Andromedas | 297,128 | 13.48% | |
Daniel O'Dowd | 271,615 | 12.32% | |
Total votes | 2,204,580 | 100.00% |
Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Michael Huffington | 1,072,358 | 53.79% | |
William E. Dannemeyer | 565,864 | 28.38% | |
Kate Squires | 202,950 | 10.18% | |
James Peter Gough | 58,853 | 2.95% | |
Wolf G. Dalichau | 58,307 | 2.92% | |
John M. Brown | 35,212 | 1.77% | |
Total votes | 1,993,544 | 100.00% |
Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Elizabeth Cervantes Barron | 3,487 | 70.70% | |
Larry D. Hampshire | 1,445 | 29.30% | |
Total votes | 4,932 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Libertarian | Richard Benjamin Boddie | 120,622 | 100.00% | |
American Independent | Paul Meeuwenberg | 13,596 | 100.00% | |
Green | Barbara Blong | N/A | 100.00% |
After one term in the House representing Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties, Huffington spent $8 million by the end of August and a total of $28 million during the entire campaign. He became wealthy off oil and gas. The race saw personal attacks on Huffington's wife, Arianna Huffington, who was very involved in the race (the media dubbed her the "Sir Edmund Hillary of social climbing," according to The Almanac of American Politics).
Huffington was called a hypocrite for supporting Proposition 187 and then breaking the law for employing illegal aliens, a story which came out in the race's final days.[3] $44 million was spent in the election. At the time, it was the most expensive campaign in a non-presidential election in American history. Chris Cillizza of The Washington Post named the election one of the nastiest senate elections in modern history.[4]
On election day it was a very close race, but Feinstein won Los Angeles County, which may have pulled her ahead. Her sizable win in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area may also be credited to her slim statewide victory.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Dianne Feinstein (Incumbent) | 3,979,152 | 46.74% | |
Republican | Michael Huffington | 3,817,025 | 44.83% | |
Peace and Freedom | Elizabeth Cervantes Barron | 255,301 | 3.00% | |
Libertarian | Richard Benjamin Boddie | 179,100 | 2.10% | |
American Independent | Paul Meeuwenberg | 142,771 | 1.68% | |
Green | Barbara Blong | 140,567 | 1.65% | |
No party | Write-ins | 173 | <0.01% | |
Invalid or blank votes | 386,547 | 4.34%[d] | ||
Majority | 162,127 | 1.90% | ||
Total votes | 8,514,089 | 100.00% | ||
Turnout | 44.94%[e] | |||
Democratic hold |
Connecticut
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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Lieberman: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Labriola: 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
|
Freshman Democratic incumbent Joseph Lieberman easily won re-election over Republican physician Jerry Labriola.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Joe Lieberman (Incumbent) | 723,842[f] | 67.0% | ||
Republican | Jerry Labriola | 334,833 | 31.0% | ||
Concerned Citizens | Gary R. Garneau | 20,988 | 1.9% | ||
Write-In | Write-in candidates (3) | 103 | <0.1% | ||
Total votes | 1,079,766 | 100.0% | |||
Democratic hold |
Delaware
edit | |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
County results Roth: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Veteran Republican incumbent William Roth, seeking his fifth term, fended off a challenge from Charles Oberly, the state's three-term Democratic attorney general, beating him by 13 points.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | William Roth (Incumbent) | 111,074 | 55.82% | −6.25% | |
Democratic | Charles Oberly | 84,540 | 42.48% | +4.54% | |
Libertarian | John Dierickx | 3,386 | 1.70% | ||
Majority | 26,534 | 13.33% | −10.79% | ||
Turnout | 199,000 | ||||
Republican hold | Swing |
Florida
edit | |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
County results Mack: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
|
Republican incumbent Connie Mack III won a second term by scoring an easy re-election over attorney Hugh Rodham, brother of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Connie Mack | Unopposed | 100.0% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Hugh Rodham | 255,605 | 33.78% | |
Democratic | Mike Wiley | 188,551 | 24.92% | |
Democratic | Ellis Rubin | 161,386 | 21.33% | |
Democratic | A. Perez | 151,121 | 19.97% | |
Total votes | 756,663 | 100% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Hugh Rodham | 221,424 | 58.09% | |
Democratic | Mike Wiley | 159,776 | 41.91% | |
Total votes | 381,200 | 100% |
Rodham left the public defenders office to run for the United States Senate in Florida in 1994. He won the Democratic Party nomination by defeating Mike Wiley in a runoff election,[9][10] after earlier finishing first in a four-person primary field with 34 percent.[10] After the first primary, the third-place finisher, Miami lawyer Ellis Rubin joined forces with Rodham as a "senior executive consultant" and hatchet man.[11] In the presence of Rodham at a press conference, Rubin levelled the accusation that Wiley was hiding his Jewish faith by changing his name from his birth name, Michael Schreibman,[10] and that Wiley "changed his name before the campaign to deceive voters about his Jewish religion." Wiley accordingly refused to endorse Rodham after the runoff.[10] Rodham then lost by a 70%–30% margin to incumbent senator Republican Connie Mack III in the general election.[12] Although Bill and Hillary Clinton both campaigned for him, his organization was unable to take advantage of their help,[13] he had few funds, almost no television commercials, and little support from the Florida Democratic party establishment in a year that saw Republican gains everywhere.[12][14] After the election, Rubin switched allegiance again and charged Rodham with election law violations in the first primary; the Federal Elections Commission eventually dismissed the allegations.[15]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Connie Mack III (incumbent) | 2,895,200 | 70.50% | +20.10% | |
Democratic | Hugh Rodham | 1,210,577 | 29.48% | −20.12% | |
Write-in | 1,039 | 0.02% | |||
Majority | 1,684,623 | 41.02% | +40.22% | ||
Total votes | 4,106,816 | 100.00% | |||
Republican hold | Swing |
Hawaii
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County results Akaka: 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democratic incumbent Daniel Akaka was first appointed to this seat April 1990 after the death of senator Spark Matsunaga. He won his first full term by defeating Republican cattle rancher Mary Hustace[16] in a landslide.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Daniel Akaka (Incumbent) | 256,189 | 71.8% | |
Republican | Maria Hustace | 86,320 | 24.2% | |
Libertarian | Richard Rowland | 14,393 | 4.0% | |
Majority | ||||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold |
Indiana
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County results Lugar: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Jontz: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Three-term Republican incumbent Richard Lugar scored an overwhelming 37-point win against former Democratic Rep. Jim Jontz, who was attempting a comeback after losing re-election in 1992.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Richard Lugar (Incumbent) | 1,039,625 | 67.4% | |
Democratic | Jim Jontz | 470,799 | 30.5% | |
Libertarian | Barbara Bourland | 17,343 | 1.1% | |
New Alliance | Mary Catherine Barton | 15,801 | 1.0% | |
Majority | 568,826 | |||
Turnout | 1,543,568 | |||
Republican hold |
Lugar won 91 of Indiana's 92 counties, Jontz won only the Democratic stronghold of Lake County.[18]
Maine
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County results Snowe: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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One of the Republicans' biggest prizes was the seat of retiring Majority Leader George Mitchell. Longtime Congresswoman Olympia Snowe gained the seat in a landslide victory over Democratic Congressman Thomas Andrews, a stark contrast to retiring senator Mitchell's landslide win six years prior.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Tom Andrews | 82,339 | 99.83% | |
Democratic | Write-ins | 140 | 0.17% | |
Total votes | 82,479 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Olympia Snowe | 79,953 | 99.88% | |
Republican | Write-ins | 93 | 0.12% | |
Total votes | 80,046 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Olympia Snowe | 308,244 | 60.24% | +41.53% | |
Democratic | Tom Andrews | 186,042 | 36.36% | −44.94% | |
Independent | Plato Truman | 17,205 | 3.36% | ||
Write-ins | 242 | 0.05% | |||
Majority | 122,202 | 23.88% | −38.70% | ||
Turnout | 511,733 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Maryland
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County results Sarbanes: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Brock: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democratic incumbent Paul Sarbanes won a third term by soundly defeating Republican Bill Brock, a former U.S. senator from Tennessee (1971–77), RNC chairman (1977–81), U.S. Trade Representative (1981–85) and U.S. Secretary of Labor (1985–87).
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Paul Sarbanes (Incumbent) | 809,125 | 59.1% | |
Republican | Bill Brock | 559,908 | 40.9% | |
Independent | Terri Tilghman Deakyne (Write In) | 71 | 0.0% | |
Majority | 249,217 | 18.2% | ||
Total votes | 1,369,104 | 100.00% | ||
Democratic hold |
Massachusetts
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Ted Kennedy usually coasted to re-election, but in this election he faced an unusually tough challenge from Republican businessman Mitt Romney. Though the final result was a 17-point Kennedy victory, it marked the first time since his initial election in 1962 that Kennedy received less than 60% of the vote.
Romney defeated his closest competitor, John Lakian, to win the Republican primary with over 80% of the vote. He campaigned as a political moderate and Washington outsider, and posed the greatest challenge ever made against Kennedy for the Senate seat since he first took office in 1962. Democratic congressmen across the country were struggling to maintain their seats, and Kennedy in particular was damaged by character concerns and an ongoing divorce controversy. The contest became very close.
Kennedy launched ads criticizing Romney's tenure as the leader of the company known as Bain Capital, accusing him of treating workers unfairly and taking away jobs, while also criticizing what were widely considered to be Romney's shifting political views. Romney also performed inadequately in the debates between the two candidates, and made a number of poorly received statements that reduced his standing in the polls.
In the closest Senate election of his career since after 1962, Kennedy won by a reasonably comfortable margin, despite a series of losses for Democrats around the country.
Romney was initially behind businessman John Lakian in the battle to win the Massachusetts Republican Party's nomination for the U.S. Senate.[22] However, after using his personal wealth to advertise heavily on television, he gained overwhelming support at the state party convention.[22]
Romney then defeated Lakian easily in the September 1994 Republican Party primary with over 80 percent of the vote.[23][24]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Mitt Romney | 188,280 | 82.04% | |
Republican | John Lakian | 40,898 | 17.82% | |
Others | 318 | 0.14% | ||
Total votes | 229,496 | 100% |
In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious re-election challenger of his career in the younger, telegenic, and very well-funded Romney.[26] Romney ran as a successful entrepreneur and Washington outsider with a strong family image and moderate stands on social issues.[26] After two decades out of public view, his father George re-emerged during the campaign.[27][28] George Romney had urged Mitt to enter the race and moved into his son's house for its duration, serving as an unofficial advisor.[29][30]
Kennedy was more vulnerable than usual in 1994, in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole and also because this was Kennedy's first election since the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida, in which Kennedy had taken some public relations hits regarding his character.[26] Kennedy was saddled not only with his recent past but the 25th anniversary of the Chappaquiddick incident and his first wife Joan Bennett Kennedy seeking a renegotiated divorce settlement.[26]
Some early polls showed Romney close to Kennedy. By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be even.[26][31] One Boston Herald/WCVB-TV poll taken after the September 20, 1994 primary showed Romney ahead 44 percent to 42 percent, within the poll's sampling margin of error.[32] In another September poll, Romney had a 43 to 42 percent lead.[33] President Bill Clinton traveled to Massachusetts to campaign for Kennedy.[34]
Religion became an issue for a while, after Kennedy's campaign said it was fair to ask Romney about his LDS Church's past policy of not allowing blacks into the priesthood.[24] Romney accused Kennedy of having violated senator John F. Kennedy's famous September 1960 pledge not to allow his own Catholic doctrine to inform policy, made during his ultimately victorious presidential campaign.[24] George Romney forcefully interjected during his son's press conference, "I think it is absolutely wrong to keep hammering on the religious issues. And what Ted is trying to do is bring it into the picture."[24]
After Romney touted his business credentials and his record at creating jobs within his company, Kennedy ran campaign ads showing an Indiana company, Ampad, bought out by Romney's firm, Bain Capital. They showed interviews with its union workers who had been fired and who criticized Romney for the loss of their jobs, with one saying, "I don't think Romney is creating jobs because he took every one of them away."[35] Romney claimed that 10,000 jobs were created because of his work at Bain, but private detectives hired by Kennedy found a factory bought by Bain Capital that had suffered a 350-worker strike after Bain had cut worker pay and benefits.[36] Kennedy's charges were effective, as more voters decided that Romney was interested in profits more than people.[24]
Kennedy's attack ads also focused both on Romney's shifting political views;[26][37] although both Kennedy and Romney supported the abortion rights established under Roe v. Wade, Kennedy accused Romney of being "multiple choice" on the issue, rather than "pro choice."[38] Romney said his stance dated back to his mother, Lenore Romney, and her position during her 1970 U.S. Senate campaign: "My mother and my family have been committed to the belief that we can believe as we want, but we will not force our beliefs on others on that matter. And you will not see me wavering on that."[24] Nevertheless, women's groups and Democrats viewed Romney's position with suspicion.[24] (In subsequent years, Romney became anti-abortion and opposed Roe.[39])
Kennedy's campaign ran short on money, and belying his image as endlessly wealthy, he was forced to take out a second mortgage on his Virginia home.[40] Kennedy's new wife Vicki Reggie Kennedy proved to be a strong asset in campaigning.[31]
By early October, Kennedy was ahead by 49 to 44 percent in a poll by The Boston Globe.[24] In their first televised debate, held at Faneuil Hall on October 25, Kennedy came out charging with his aging but still booming voice; regarding the Ampad deal, he said to Romney, "I don't know why you wouldn't meet with the strikers with that flimflam deal of yours out there in Indiana."[24] Romney charged that Kennedy had benefited from a real-estate deal that had been done on a no-bid basis, but Kennedy responded with a rehearsed line: "Mr. Romney, the Kennedys are not in public service to make money. We have paid too high a price in our commitment to the public service of this country."[24] Each candidate was asked to discuss one of their own failings. In a dramatic moment, Kennedy indirectly referred to his personal problems and acknowledged that he was "painfully aware" that on such occasions he had let his supporters down. By contrast, Romney mentioned work for several local charities he was engaged with on a near daily basis. When the moderator reminded him of the question, Romney responded "I guess what I regret is that I'm not able to provide even more help for those less fortunate than myself.... I wish I could do even more." Kennedy won this key debate as he reconnected with his traditional bases of support:[26] two polls of voters conducted afterwards both showed Kennedy as the victor in the debate.[41] One post-debate October general election poll showed Kennedy leading 50 percent to 32,[36] and another by 56 to 36 percent.[24] A second debate, held two days later at Holyoke Community College, focused more on policy details and lacked the intensity of the first one; Romney failed to gain any traction from it.[41]
In the November general election, despite a very bad result for Democrats overall, Kennedy won re-election by a 58 percent to 41 percent margin,[42] the closest re-election race of his career; only his initial victory in the 1962 Senate special election in Massachusetts was closer.[43]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward M. Kennedy (Incumbent) | 1,265,997 | 58.07% | –6.90% | |
Republican | Mitt Romney | 894,000 | 41.01% | +7.08% | |
Libertarian | Lauraleigh Dozier | 14,484 | 0.66% | +0.15% | |
LaRouche Was Right | William A. Ferguson Jr. | 4,776 | 0.22% | +0.22% | |
Others | 688 | 0.03% | +.02% | ||
Total votes | 2,179,945 | 100.00% | |||
Majority | 371,997 | 17.06% | |||
Democratic hold | Swing |
Michigan
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County results Abraham: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Carr: 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democratic senator Donald W. Riegle Jr. retired after three terms. Former Michigan Republican Party Chairman Spencer Abraham defeated Democratic Congressman Milton Robert Carr in the race to succeed Riegle.
Riegle, a three-term incumbent, was considered one of the most vulnerable Senate Democrats in the 1994 mid-term elections due to the unpopularity of President Bill Clinton[44] and his being involved as a member of the Keating Five, a group of five senators who were accused of corruption. After months of speculation, Riegle announced he would not seek a 4th term in a speech on the Senate floor.[45]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
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Republican | Spencer Abraham | 1,578,770 | 51.88 | |||
Democratic | Bob Carr | 1,300,960 | 42.75 | |||
Libertarian | Jon Coon | 128,393 | 4.22 | |||
Workers World | William Roundtree | 20,010 | 0.66 | |||
Natural Law | Chris Wege | 14,746 | 0.48 | |||
No party | Others | 506 | 0.02 | |||
Majority | 277,810 | 9.13 | ||||
Total votes | 3,043,385 | 100.00 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic |
Minnesota
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Grams: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Wynia: 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican David Durenberger decided to retire instead of seeking a third full term. Republican Rod Grams won the open seat. After surviving a messy Republican primary, former TV news anchor and one-term Rep. Rod Grams defeated his Democratic opponent, former state assembly minority leader Ann Wynia by five points for the seat being vacated by incumbent Republican Dave Durenberger.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Rod Grams | 869,653 | 49.05 | |
Democratic | Ann Wynia | 781,860 | 44.10 | |
Independence | Dean Barkley | 95,400 | 5.38 | |
Independent | Candice E. Sjostrom | 15,920 | 0.90 | |
Natural Law | Stephen Johnson | 5,054 | 0.29 | |
Socialist Workers | Marea Himelgrin | 2,428 | 0.14 | |
No party | Write-ins | 2,614 | 0.15 | |
Majority | 87,793 | 4.95 | ||
Total votes | 1,772,929 | 100.00 | ||
Republican hold |
Mississippi
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County results Lott: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Harper: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Republican incumbent Trent Lott won a second term by easily defeating former Democratic state senator Ken Harper.[47]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Trent Lott (Incumbent) | 418,333 | 68.8% | |
Democratic | Ken Harper | 189,752 | 31.2% | |
Majority | 228,581 | 37.6% | ||
Total votes | 608,085 | 100.00% | ||
Republican hold |
Missouri
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County results Ashcroft: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Wheat: 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Republican senator John Danforth retired after three terms. Former Republican Gov. John Ashcroft defeated his Democratic opponent, six-term Rep. Alan Wheat by more than twenty points.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | John Ashcroft | 1,060,149 | 59.72% | |
Democratic | Alan Wheat | 633,697 | 35.70% | |
Libertarian | Bill Johnson | 81,264 | 4.58% | |
Write-In Votes | 6 | 0.0% | ||
Majority | 426,452 | 24.02% | ||
Turnout | 1,775,116 | |||
Republican hold |
Montana
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County results Burns: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90% Mudd: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democrat Jack Mudd, former dean of the University of Montana law school, defeated former U.S. senator John Melcher in the Democratic primary and then went on to lose to Republican incumbent Conrad Burns, who was seeking a second term.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Jack Mudd | 58,371 | 47.20% | |
Democratic | John Melcher | 39,607 | 32.03% | |
Democratic | Becky Shaw | 25,688 | 20.77% | |
Total votes | 123,666 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Conrad Burns (Incumbent) | 82,827 | 100.00% | |
Total votes | 82,827 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Conrad Burns (Incumbent) | 218,542 | 62.37% | +10.50% | |
Democratic | Jack Mudd | 131,845 | 37.63% | −10.50% | |
Majority | 86,697 | 24.74% | 21.01% | ||
Turnout | 350,387 | ||||
Republican hold | Swing |
Nebraska
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County results Kerrey: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Stoney: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democrat Bob Kerrey won re-election over Republican Jan Stoney, Vice President of Personnel at Northwestern Bell, by ten points.[50]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bob Kerrey (Incumbent) | 317,297 | 54.78% | |
Republican | Jan Stoney | 260,668 | 45.00% | |
Independent | Write Ins | 1,240 | 0.21% | |
Majority | 56,629 | 9.78% | ||
Turnout | 579,205 | |||
Democratic hold |
Nevada
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County results
Bryan: 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democratic incumbent Richard H. Bryan scored a ten-point win over Republican Hal Furman,[51] a water policy advisor for the Interior Department.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Richard Bryan (Incumbent) | 193,804 | 50.9% | |
Republican | Hal Furman | 156,020 | 41.0% | |
Independent | None of the Above | 12,626 | 3.3% | |
Independent | Anna Nevenic | 6,666 | 1.8% | |
Libertarian | Bob Days | 5,964 | 1.6% | |
Independent | Neal A. Grasteit | 5,450 | 1.4% | |
Majority | 37,784 | 9.9% | ||
Total votes | 380,530 | 100.00% | ||
Democratic hold |
New Jersey
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Lautenberg: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Haytaian: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Two-term Democratic incumbent Frank Lautenberg narrowly defeated his Republican opponent, state assembly speaker Chuck Haytaian by three points.
[53]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Frank Lautenberg (incumbent) | 1,033,487 | 50.29% | |
Republican | Chuck Haytaian | 966,244 | 47.02% | |
Independent | Michael P. Kelly | 14,343 | 0.70% | |
Libertarian | Ben Grindlinger | 14,042 | 0.68% | |
Conservative | Richard J. Pezzullo | 9,387 | 0.46% | |
Independent | Andrea Lippi | 6,303 | 0.31% | |
Independent | George Patrick Predham | 4,226 | 0.21% | |
Socialist Workers | Joanne Kuniansky | 3,606 | 0.18% | |
Natural Law | Arlene Gold | 3,249 | 0.16% | |
Majority | 67,243 | 3.27% | ||
Total votes | 2,054,887 | 100.00% | ||
Democratic hold |
New Mexico
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County results Bingaman: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% McMillan: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Two-term Democratic incumbent Jeff Bingaman defeated his Republican opponent, former George H. W. Bush Assistant Secretary of Defense Colin McMillan by eight points.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Jeff Bingaman (Incumbent) | 165,148 | 100.00% | |
Total votes | 165,148 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Colin R. McMillan | 65,119 | 72.57% | |
Republican | Bill Turner | 13,178 | 14.69% | |
Republican | Robin Dozier Otten | 11,439 | 12.75% | |
Total votes | 89,736 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Democratic | Jeff Bingaman (Incumbent) | 249,989 | 53.97% | −9.34% | |
Republican | Colin R. McMillan | 213,025 | 45.99% | +9.31% | |
Write-ins | 182 | 0.04% | |||
Majority | 36,964 | 7.98% | −18.64% | ||
Turnout | 463,196 | ||||
Democratic hold | Swing |
New York
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County results Moynihan: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Castro: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Veteran Democratic incumbent Daniel Patrick Moynihan easily defeated his Republican opponent, businesswoman Bernadette Castro.
1994 was significant for the Republican Revolution, mostly as a referendum against President Bill Clinton and his health care plan, and was seen as a tough year for Democratic incumbents. Moynihan, however, was New York State's most popular politician at the time, and ran ahead of all other Democrats competing statewide.[55]
Republican Castro was running for office for the first time and had trouble raising funds due to being seen as unlikely to win; at times during the race she trailed by up to 30 percentage points.[55] She portrayed herself as a fiscally conservative, socially moderate Republican in the mold of Governor of New Jersey Christie Todd Whitman, and attempted to portray Moynihan as excessively liberal and prone to government spending.[55] But Moynihan repeated his past strong performance among upstate voters, in addition to the usual Democratic strongholds in New York City.[55]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Incumbent) | 2,646,541 | 55.3% | |
Republican | Bernadette Castro | 1,988,308 | 41.5% | |
Right to Life | Henry Hewes | 95,954 | 2.0% | |
Independence Fusion | Ismael Betancourt Jr. | 26,650 | 0.6% | |
Libertarian | Norma Segal | 17,991 | 0.4% | |
Socialist Workers | Naomi Craine | 14,892 | 0.3% | |
Majority | 658,233 | 13.8% | ||
Total votes | 4,790,336 | 100.00% | ||
Democratic hold |
North Dakota
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County results Conrad: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Clayburgh: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Dem-NPL-er Kent Conrad won re-election to his first full term as senior senator, although technically his second third in the position, having served the end of Quentin Burdick's term after his death. Conrad also had served an additional term as senator, but as junior senator from 1986 to 1992.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Kent Conrad (Incumbent) | 137,157 | 57.98% | |
Republican | Ben Clayburgh | 99,390 | 42.02% | |
Majority | 37,767 | 15.96% | ||
Total votes | 236,547 | 100.00% | ||
Democratic hold |
Ohio
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County results DeWine: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Hyatt: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Senator Howard Metzenbaum retired and his son-in-law Joel Hyatt received the Democratic nomination to succeed him. Hyatt would go on to be badly defeated by Lieutenant Governor Mike DeWine.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Republican | Mike DeWine | 1,836,556 | 53.4% | +10.1% | |
Democratic | Joel Hyatt | 1,348,213 | 39.2% | −17.2% | |
Independent | Joe Slovenec | 252,031 | 7.3% | +0.00% | |
Majority | 488,343 | 14.2% | |||
Turnout | 3,436,800 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Oklahoma (special)
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County results Inhofe: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% McCurdy: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Democrat David L. Boren decided to resign his position to accept the position as President of the University of Oklahoma, which prompted a special election. Republican Congressman Jim Inhofe defeated the Democratic Congressman Dave McCurdy.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Jim Inhofe | 542,390 | 55.21% | |
Democratic | Dave McCurdy | 392,488 | 39.95% | |
Independent | Danny Corn | 47,552 | 4.84% | |
Majority | 149,902 | 15.26% | ||
Turnout | 982,430 | |||
Republican hold |
Pennsylvania
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County results Santorum: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% Wofford: 40–50% 50–60% 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed to the Senate when three-term Republican H. John Heinz III died in a 1991 plane crash. He won a special election to hold that seat later that year. In his tough re-election against Republican Congressman Rick Santorum, the pro-choice Wofford lost the endorsement of anti-abortion Democratic Governor Robert Casey. This contributed to his loss to Santorum by two percentage points.
Wofford's campaign was hurt from the outset by his strong connection with President Bill Clinton's failed healthcare reform proposals; Wofford had made working toward universal healthcare a crucial issue in his prior campaign and was one of the executive's strongest allies on the issue. After this failure, however, the senator ran a relatively passive campaign. He instead attempted to focus attention on his challenger, an arch-conservative who did not attempt to moderate his views after the primary election. The polarizing Santorum took strong positions against abortion, gay rights, and affirmative action, and he even clashed with some of the traditional fixtures of the state's moderate Republican establishment. Early in the campaign and with little statewide name recognition, Santorum made a critical error by attacking Social Security, and Wofford appeared to be in relatively safe position. However, Santorum ran an effective grassroots campaign and specifically targeted many union Democrats who had reservations about the liberal social values advocated by many of their party's leaders.[59]
In the closing weeks of the campaign, Santorum was greatly helped by strong Republican enthusiasm because of anger over Clinton's failed initiatives. He solidified his status by running a series of positive ads that attempted to define his character strengths and to contrast with Wofford's negative commercials. Santorum eventually received a close victory by performing well (and nearly winning) his home in the suburban Pittsburgh region and through particularly low turnout in Democratic strongholds, such as Philadelphia, Scranton, and Pittsburgh cities.[59]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Republican | Rick Santorum | 1,735,691 | 49.40% | +4.41% | |
Democratic | Harris Wofford (Incumbent) | 1,648,481 | 46.92% | −8.09% | |
Patriot Party | Diane G. Blough | 69,825 | 1.99% | +1.99% | |
Libertarian | Donald Ernsberger | 59,115 | 1.68% | +1.68% | |
N/A | Write-In Votes | 249 | 0.01% | +0.01% | |
Majority | 87,210 | 2.48% | −7.53% | ||
Total votes | 3,513,361 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Rhode Island
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Chafee: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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Moderate Republican incumbent John Chafee, seeking a fourth term, defeated Democratic state representative Linda Kushner by 28-points.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | John Chafee (Incumbent) | 27,906 | 69.03% | |
Republican | Robert A. Post Jr. | 12,517 | 30.97% | |
Total votes | 40,423 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | John Chafee (Incumbent) | 222,856 | 64.52% | +9.93% | |
Democratic | Linda Kushner | 122,532 | 35.48% | −9.93% | |
Majority | 100,324 | 29.05% | +19.86% | ||
Turnout | 345,388 | ||||
Republican hold | Swing |
Tennessee
editDue to the resignation of Al Gore in 1993 to become vice president, there were two senate elections in Tennessee as both seats were up for election.
Tennessee (regular)
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County results Frist: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Sasser: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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One of the biggest upsets of the night was the defeat of three-term Democrat Jim Sasser. Sasser had been the influential Chairman of the Budget Committee and was among the leading candidates to replace Mitchell as Democratic Floor Leader. Sasser, however, would be defeated by prominent Nashville heart surgeon Bill Frist by 14 points.[61]
There were two unforeseen events that affected the campaign. One was the large scale of discontent that the American people seemed to have toward the first two years of the Clinton administration, especially the proposal for a national healthcare system largely put together and advocated by Clinton's wife, Hillary Clinton. The other was the somewhat unexpected nomination of Nashville heart transplant surgeon Bill Frist for the seat by the Republicans.
Frist, who had never voted until he was 36, was a political unknown and a total novice at campaigning, but was from one of Nashville's most prominent and wealthiest medical families, which gave him some name recognition, as well as adequate enough resources to match the campaign war chest built up by the three-term incumbent, a challenge most "insurgent" candidates find to be impossible. A further factor working to Frist's advantage was a simultaneous Republican campaign by actor and attorney Fred Thompson for the other Tennessee Senate seat, which was open due to Al Gore resigning to become Vice President of the United States. Another factor in Frist's favor was that Sasser was never seen as possessing much charisma of his own. During the campaign Nashville radio stations were derisive towards Sasser to the point of stating that he could only win "a Kermit The Frog lookalike contest." In one of the largest upsets in a night of political upsets in the November 1994 U.S. general elections, Frist defeated the incumbent Sasser by approximately 14 percentage points.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Bill Frist | 834,226 | 56.35% | |
Democratic | Jim Sasser (Incumbent) | 623,164 | 42.10% | |
Independent | John Jay Hooker | 13,244 | 0.90% | |
Independent | Charles F. Johnson | 6,631 | 0.45% | |
Independent | Philip Kienlen | 3,087 | 0.21% | |
Write-In Candidates | 39 | 0.00% | ||
Majority | 211,062 | 14.26% | ||
Turnout | 1,480,391 | |||
Republican gain from Democratic |
Tennessee (special)
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County results Thompson: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Cooper: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Less surprising was the Republican victory in the other Tennessee Senate contest. Harlan Matthews had held the seat since Al Gore's resignation to assume the Vice Presidency in 1993, but chose not to seek the Democratic nomination in the special election. The Republican actor and attorney Fred Thompson, defeated six-term Democratic Congressman Jim Cooper in an overwhelming landslide.[62]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Fred Thompson | 885,998 | 60.44% | +30.63% | ||
Democratic | Jim Cooper | 565,930 | 38.61% | −29.12% | ||
Independent | Charles N. Hancock | 4,169 | 0.28% | |||
Independent | Charles Moore | 2,219 | 0.15% | |||
Independent | Terry Lytle | 1,934 | 0.13% | |||
Independent | Kerry Martin | 1,719 | 0.12% | |||
Independent | Jon Walls | 1,532 | 0.10% | |||
Independent | Hobart Lumpkin | 1,184 | 0.08% | |||
Independent | Don Schneller | 1,150 | 0.08% | |||
Write-ins | 27 | 0.00% | ||||
Majority | 320,068 | 21.83% | −16.08% | |||
Turnout | 1,465,862 | |||||
Republican gain from Democratic |
Texas
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County results Hutchison: 40-50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90% Fisher: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Tie: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison, having just won a special election the previous June for the seat vacated by Democrat Lloyd Bentsen, easily defeated Democrat Richard W. Fisher, an investment banker.[63]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Kay Bailey Hutchison (incumbent) | 2,604,218 | 60.85% | |
Democratic | Richard W. Fisher | 1,639,615 | 38.31% | |
Libertarian | Pierre Blondeau | 36,107 | 0.84% | |
Total votes | 4,279,940 | 100.00% | ||
Majority | 964,603 | 22.54% | ||
Republican hold |
Utah
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County results Hatch: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% Shea: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Veteran Republican incumbent Orrin Hatch delivered a 40-point defeat to his Democratic opponent, attorney Patrick Shea.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Orrin Hatch (Incumbent) | 357,297 | 68.80% | ||
Democratic | Patrick A. Shea | 146,938 | 28.30% | ||
Independent | Craig Oliver | 9,550 | 1.84% | ||
American | Gary Van Horn | 2,543 | 0.49% | ||
Socialist Workers | Nelson Gonzalez | 1,514 | 0.29% | ||
Independent American | Lawrence Topham | 1,462 | 0.48% | ||
Majority | 210,359 | 40.50% | {{{change}}} | ||
Turnout | 519,304 | {{{change}}} | |||
Republican hold | Swing |
Vermont
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Jeffords: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Backus: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Moderate Republican Jim Jeffords won a second term, defeating Democratic state senator Jan Backus and independent Gavin Mills. He won every county in the state.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Jan Backus | 16,217 | 53.65% | |
Democratic | Doug Costle | 13,139 | 43.46% | |
Democratic | Write-ins | 873 | 2.89% | |
Total votes | 30,229 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Jim Jeffords (Incumbent) | 24,795 | 91.56% | |
Republican | Write-ins | 2,285 | 8.44% | |
Total votes | 27,080 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liberty Union | Jerry Levy | 289 | 90.03% | |
Liberty Union | Write-ins | 32 | 9.97% | |
Total votes | 321 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Jim Jeffords (Incumbent) | 106,505 | 50.32% | −17.65% | |
Democratic | Jan Backus | 85,868 | 40.57% | +10.80% | |
Independent | Gavin T. Mills | 12,465 | 5.89% | ||
Independent | Matthew S. Mulligan | 3,141 | 1.48% | ||
Grassroots | Bob Melamede | 1,416 | 0.67% | ||
Liberty Union | Jerry Levy | 1,376 | 0.65% | −0.40% | |
Natural Law | Joseph Victor Pardo | 709 | 0.33% | ||
Write-ins | 192 | 0.09% | |||
Majority | 20,637 | 9.75% | −28.45% | ||
Turnout | 211,672 | ||||
Republican hold | Swing |
Virginia
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Turnout | 43.6% (voting eligible)[66] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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County and independent city results Robb: 40-50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% North: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Democrat Chuck Robb received over 70% of the vote when first elected in 1988, but struggled to win re-election. Furor over Robb's alleged affair with model Tai Collins provided plenty of momentum for the Republican Iran-Contra figure Oliver North. A factor to Robb's advantage was the independent candidacy of attorney J. Marshall Coleman. North likely lost votes to Coleman especially when Virginia's other senator, Republican John Warner, endorsed Coleman over North. Robb received 46% of the vote to North's 43% with Coleman garnering 11%.
Oliver North was a very controversial figure as he was involved in the Iran-Contra Affair, a scandal during Ronald Reagan's presidency. Marshall Coleman attempted to seize the middle ground between Robb and North. Republican senator John Warner of Virginia endorsed Marshall Coleman. On the eve of the election, former first lady Nancy Reagan told a reporter that North had lied to her husband when discussing Iran-Contra with the former president, effectively eviscerating him. North's candidacy was documented in the 1996 film A Perfect Candidate.[67]
In his failed bid to unseat Robb, North raised $20.3 million in a single year through nationwide direct mail solicitations, telemarketing, fundraising events, and contributions from major donors. About $16 million of that amount was from direct mail alone. This was the biggest accumulation of direct mail funds for a statewide campaign to that date, and it made North the top direct mail political fundraiser in the country in 1994.[68]
Douglas Wilder, the first black Governor of Virginia, who served from 1990 to 1994, originally entered the Senate race as an independent before dropping out.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Chuck Robb (Incumbent) | 938,376 | 45.61% | −25.64% | |
Republican | Oliver North | 882,213 | 42.88% | +14.18% | |
Independent | J. Marshall Coleman | 235,324 | 11.44% | ||
Independent | L. Douglas Wilder | 113 | 0.01% | ||
Write-ins | 1,437 | 0.07% | +0.01% | ||
Majority | 56,163 | 2.73% | −39.83% | ||
Turnout | 2,057,463 | ||||
Democratic hold | Swing |
Washington
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County results Gorton: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% Sims: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Republican incumbent Slade Gorton, seeking his third non-consecutive term, defeated his Democratic opponent, King County Councilman Ron Sims.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Slade Gorton (Incumbent) | 947,821 | 55.8% | +4.71% | |
Democratic | Ron Sims | 752,352 | 44.3% | −4.61% | |
Majority | 195,469 | 11.5% | +155,293% | ||
Turnout | 1,700,173 | −148,369% | |||
Republican hold | Swing |
West Virginia
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County results Byrd: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democratic incumbent Robert Byrd, first elected in 1958, easily defeated his Republican opponent State Committee Finance Chairman Stanley L. Klos.[70]
Klos campaigned as a "sacrificial lamb" against Robert C. Byrd participating in the Republican U.S. Senatorial Committee's strategy to re-capture a majority in the United States Senate in 1994. Byrd spent $1,550,354 to Klos' $267,165.[71] Additionally the Democratic Party invested over $1 million in that state's campaign to the Republican Party's $15,000. The GOP captured a majority in the U.S. Senate. The highlights of the campaign included the hiring of an actor to play Robert C. Byrd who toured in staged Statewide Debates when the incumbent refused Klos's invitation for a series of formal senate debates. The campaign also organized successful demonstrations against the Bill and Hillary Clinton National Health Care Bus as it traveled through West Virginia in the summer of 1994. Senator Byrd, while the bill was being debated on the Senate floor rose suggesting the brakes be put on approving National Health Care measure while the bus was completing its tour in WV. To Klos's credit, the campaign did not implement the "Death by a Thousand Cuts" plan proposed by strategists which was later acknowledged in speeches given and letters written by U.S. senator Byrd.[72]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Robert Byrd (Incumbent) | 290,495 | 69.0% | |
Republican | Stan Klos | 130,441 | 31.0% | |
Majority | 160,054 | 38.0% | ||
Total votes | 420,936 | 100.00% | ||
Democratic hold |
Wisconsin
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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Kohl: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Welch: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Democratic incumbent Herb Kohl had little trouble winning a second term over former Republican state assemblyman Robert Welch.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Herb Kohl (Incumbent) | 912,662 | 58.3% | |
Republican | Robert T. Welch | 636,989 | 40.7% | |
Libertarian | James R. Dean | 15,439 | 1.0% | |
Majority | 275,673 | 17.6% | ||
Total votes | 1,565,090 | 100.00% | ||
Democratic hold |
Wyoming
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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County results Thomas: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Sullivan: 40–50% | |||||||||||||||||
|
Republican incumbent Malcolm Wallop retired after three terms. Republican Rep. Craig Thomas trounced Mike Sullivan, the state's two-term Democratic governor by twenty points.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Craig L. Thomas | 118,754 | 58.87% | |
Democratic | Mike Sullivan | 79,287 | 39.31% | |
Libertarian | Craig Alan McClune | 3,669 | 1.82% | |
Majority | 39,467 | 19.57% | ||
Turnout | 201,710 | |||
Republican hold |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ In Oklahoma, David Boren's resignation prompted a special election, while in Tennessee, appointee Harlan Mathews did not seek election to finish the unexpired term.
- ^ a b Richard Shelby, whose seat was not up for election in 1994, left the Democratic Party and became a Republican a couple of days later, after the election but before the swearing in of the next Congress. As a result, 53 Republicans, were in the Senate upon commencement of the 104th United States Congress, on January 3, 1995. Another Democrat, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, joined the Republican Party on March 3, 1995, the increase of Republicans changed to 54.
- ^ Minnesota was the "tipping point" state.
- ^ "Votes not cast" as a percentage of votes cast anywhere statewide, which numbered 8,900,593.[5]
- ^ As a percentage of the voting eligible population (VEP), estimated at 18.946 million.[5]
- ^ Lieberman's votes include 280,049 votes received on the line of A Connecticut Party, which cross-endorsed Lieberman.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 8, 1994" (PDF). United States House of Representatives. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ a b c "State of Arizona Official Canvass - Primary Election - September 13, 1994" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ AYRES, B. DRUMMOND Jr. (October 27, 1994). "THE 1994 CAMPAIGN: CALIFORNIA; Huffington Admits Hiring Illegal Alien". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "The Fix - The 10 nastiest Senate races". Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c Jones, Bill (December 16, 1994). "STATEMENT OF VOTE: November 8, 1994, General Election" (PDF). Office of the California Secretary of State. p. xii,37. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ "Summary of Vote for United States Senator" (PDF). Statement of Vote. Secretary of the State of Connecticut. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
- ^ "Florida Department of State - Election Results". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Florida Department of State - Election Results". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ Jessica Reaves (February 22, 2002). "The Rumpled, Ragtag Career of Hugh Rodham". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on June 11, 2001. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
- ^ a b c d "Florida Vote Goes to Brother Of First Lady". The New York Times. October 5, 1994. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
- ^ Tom Fielder (September 22, 1994). "Rubin Joins Rodham Campaign, Rips Wiley" (fee required). The Miami Herald.
- ^ a b "The Rodham Family Biography". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- ^ Michael Wines, "Clinton Finds Few Listeners at Rally in Miami", The New York Times, October 16, 1994. Accessed July 10, 2007.
- ^ Lynn Sweet (February 23, 2001). "Politics thicker than blood?". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 8, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Tom Fielder (April 6, 1996). "FEC Dismisses Allegations Against Rodham Campaign" (fee required). The Miami Herald.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Maria M. Hustace". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Office of Elections" (PDF). hawaii.gov. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "United States Senator by County". USA Elections. November 8, 1994. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ "June 14, 1994 Primary Election - Tabulations for U.S. Senate, Democratic". Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ "June 14, 1994 Primary Election - Tabulations for U.S. Senate, Republican". Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ "Maryland State Board of Elections". Elections.state.md.us. February 6, 2001. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ a b Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 124, 126–127.
- ^ "Romney will oppose Sen. Kennedy in Nov". Providence Journal. Associated Press. September 21, 1994. p. B1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Swidey, Niel; Ebbert, Stephanie (June 27, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 4: Journeys of a shared life: Raising sons, rising expectations bring unexpected turns". The Boston Globe.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate- R Primary Race - Sep 20, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kahn, Joseph P. (February 19, 2009). "Chapter 5: Trials & Redemptions: An untidy private life, then a turn to stability". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ Rimer, Sara (September 29, 1994). "Religion Is Latest Volatile Issue to Ignite Kennedy Contest". The New York Times. p. A22.
- ^ Cooper, Michael (November 6, 1994). "Massachusetts The Last Weekend: Senate Races Where the Battle Has Been Intense; Romney Eclectic In Final Sprint". The New York Times. p. 26.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 18, 2007). "For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ Martelle, Scott (December 25, 2007). "Romney's running mate – His father, an admired public servant undone by an offhand comment, is both a role model and cautionary example". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b Rimer, Sarah (September 24, 1994). "Kennedy's Wife Is Giving Him a Political Advantage in a Difficult Contest". The New York Times.
- ^ Gordon, Al."Kennedy in Fight Of His Political Life" Archived August 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Newsday (Nassau and Suffoklk edition), pg. A04, October 2, 1994; retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1999). The Almanac of American Politics. Washington, DC. p. 771. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ruth Marcus, "Clinton Gets a Sense of the Real Thing; Kennedy and Massachusetts Democrats Put on a Campaign Rally", The Washington Post (October 21, 1994): "Clinton stumped for a group of Massachusetts Democrats but concentrated his efforts on Kennedy, who is in the closest race of his career. His challenger is Republican businessman Mitt Romney."
- ^ Hall, Mike (May 31, 2007). "Romney's 'Business Experience': Firing Workers, Hiring Them Back at Lower Wages". AFL/CIO. AFL/CIO Blog. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
- ^ a b Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1999). The Almanac of American Politics. Washington, DC. p. 772. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 141–142.
- ^ R. W. Apple Jr., THE 1994 CAMPAIGN: MASSACHUSETTS; Kennedy and Romney Meet, And the Rancor Flows Freely, The New York Times (October 26, 1994).
- ^ "America's Culture and Values". Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-883642-30-2. pp. 137–139.
- ^ a b Adam Clymer (October 28, 1994). "Kennedy and Romney Clash In Second and Final Debate". The New York Times.
- ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 152, 153.
- ^ Taranto, James Latter-day President?: A Mitt Romney candidacy would test the religious right The Wall Street Journal Saturday, December 31, 2005; retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Richard L. Berke (July 27, 1993). "Senate Democrats See Re-election Perils in '94". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- ^ William J. Eaton (September 29, 1993). "Riegle Is 3rd Keating Case Senator to Not Seek Office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- ^ Parker, Randy (May 27, 2003). "Our Campaigns: MI U.S. Senate". Our Campaigns.
- ^ "He swaps parties, is nominated Series: THE NATION". pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MS US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b "1994 Statewide Primary Canvas" (PDF). Montana Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NE US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Harold W. "Hal" Furman". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NV US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NJ US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b "Canvass of Returns of Primary Election Held on June 7, 1994 - State of New Mexico" (PDF). www.sos.state.nm.us. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Finder, Alan (November 9, 1994). "Defying Anti-Incumbent Mood, Moynihan Wins Easily". The New York Times.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NY US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "General Election: November 8, 1994". Archived from the original on February 3, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - OK US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ a b Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004
- ^ "Rhode Island Board of Elections: Elections & Voting". www.elections.state.ri.us. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Race". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - TN US Senate Special Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - TX US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "State of Utah General Election 1994" (PDF). Utah Lieutenant Governor's Office: Elections.
- ^ a b c "Primary Election - September 13, 1994 - Voting Statistics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
- ^ Dr. Michael McDonald (March 25, 2013). "Turnout 1980-2012". George Mason University. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
- ^ "A Perfect Candidate". June 19, 1996. Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via www.imdb.com.
- ^ "Ollie, Inc.: how Oliver North raised over $20 million in a losing U.S. Senate race". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
- ^ "Election Search Results - November 1994 General". Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WV US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ US Senate 1994 Archived October 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Byrd (D) versus Klos (R)
- ^ Robert C. Byrd Letter to Stanley L. Klos October 31, 1997
- ^ "THE 1994 ELECTIONS: THE SENATE; Who Won Where - The Races For The U.S. Senate". The New York Times. November 9, 1994. Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WI US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - WY US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.