The Tybee Island mid-air collision was an incident on February 5, 1958, in which the United States Air Force lost a 7,600-pound (3,400 kg) Mark 15 nuclear bomb in the waters off Tybee Island near Savannah, Georgia, United States. During a night practice exercise, an F-86 fighter plane collided with the B-47 bomber carrying the large weapon.
 A Mk 15 nuclear bomb of the type lost when jettisoned after the collision | |
| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | February 5, 1958 |
| Summary | Mid-air collision |
| Site | Tybee Island, Georgia, U.S. 32°0′N 80°51′W / 32.000°N 80.850°W |
| First aircraft | |
| Type | Boeing B-47B Stratojet |
| Operator | United States Air Force (Strategic Air Command) |
| Registration | 51-2349 |
| Crew | 3 |
| Fatalities | 0 |
| Second aircraft | |
| Type | North American F-86L Sabre |
| Operator | United States Air Force (Tactical Air Command) |
| Registration | 52-10108[1] |
| Crew | 1 |
| Fatalities | 0 |
The bomb was jettisoned to help prevent a crash and explosion. After several unsuccessful searches, the weapon was declared lost in Wassaw Sound off the shores of Tybee Island.
Collision
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The B-47 bomber was on a simulated combat mission from Homestead Air Force Base in Florida,[2] carrying a single 7,600-pound (3,400 kg) bomb. At about 2:00 a.m. EST (UTC−5), an F-86 fighter collided with the six-engine B-47. The F-86 pilot, Lt. Clarence Stewart, ejected and parachuted to safety near Estill, South Carolina, ten miles (16 km) north of the fighter's crash site east of Sylvania, Georgia.[3][4] The damaged B-47 remained airborne, plummeting from 38,000 feet (12,000 m) until the pilot, Col. Howard Richardson, regained control at 20,000 feet (6,100 m).[5][6]
The crew requested permission to jettison the bomb, in order to reduce weight and prevent the weapon from exploding during an emergency landing. Permission was granted, and the bomb was jettisoned at 7,200 feet (2,200 m), while the plane was traveling at about 200 knots (230 mph; 370 km/h). The crew did not see an explosion when the weapon struck the sea. They managed to land the B-47 successfully at nearby Hunter Air Force Base, just south of Savannah.[7] Richardson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for safely landing the bomber.[6]
The bomb
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Some sources describe the bomb as a functional nuclear weapon, but others refer to it as disabled. If it had a plutonium nuclear core installed, it was a fully functional weapon. If it had a dummy core installed, it was incapable of generating a nuclear blast but could still produce a conventional explosion. Twelve feet (3.7 m) in length, the Mark 15 bomb that was lost weighs 7,600 pounds (3,400 kg), bears the serial number 47782, and contains 400 pounds (180 kg) of conventional high explosives and highly enriched uranium.[8]
The Air Force maintains that its "nuclear capsule" (physics package), used to initiate the nuclear reaction, was removed before its flight aboard the B-47.[9] As noted in the Atomic Energy Commission "Form AL-569 Temporary Custodian Receipt (for maneuvers)", signed by the aircraft commander, the bomb contained a simulated 150-pound (68 kg) cap made of lead.[10]
However, according to 1966 Congressional testimony by Assistant Secretary of Defense W.J. Howard, the Tybee Island bomb was a "complete weapon, a bomb with a nuclear capsule" and one of two weapons lost that contained a plutonium trigger.[11] Nevertheless, a study of the Strategic Air Command documents indicates that Alert Force test flights in February 1958 with the older Mark 15 payloads were not authorized to fly with nuclear capsules on board. Such approval would not come until safer "sealed-pit nuclear capsule" weapons began to be deployed in June 1958.[12]
Recovery efforts
editStarting on February 6, 1958, the Air Force 2700th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Squadron and 100 Navy personnel equipped with hand-held sonar and galvanic drag and cable sweeps mounted a search. On April 16, the military announced the search had been unsuccessful. Based on a hydrographic survey in 2001, the bomb was thought by the Department of Energy to lie buried under 5 to 15 feet (1.5 to 4.6 m) of silt at the bottom of Wassaw Sound.[9]
In 2004, retired Air Force Lt. Colonel Derek Duke claimed to have narrowed the possible resting spot of the bomb down to a small area approximately the size of a football field.[citation needed] He and his partner located the area by trawling in their boat with a Geiger counter in tow. Secondary radioactive particles four times naturally occurring levels were detected and mapped, and the site of radiation origination triangulated. An Air Force nuclear weapons adviser speculated that the source of the radiation was natural, originating from deposits of monazite, a locally occurring mineral that emits radiation.[13]
Later effects
editBy 2007, no undue levels of unnatural radioactive contamination have been detected in the regional Upper Floridan aquifer by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (over and above the already high levels thought to be due to monazite).[14][timestamp needed][15]
In popular culture
editIn February 2015, an article appeared on a fake news web site which claimed that the bomb had been found by vacationing Canadian divers and had been removed from the bay. The spurious story spread widely via social media.[16]
In the MonsterVerse graphic novel Godzilla Dominion, the Titan named Scylla finds the sunken warhead off the coast of Savannah, Georgia, having sensed its radiation as a potential food source. Godzilla and the Coast Guard force Scylla to retreat, and they safely recover the bomb.[citation needed]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "Incident North American F-86L Sabre 52-10108".
- ^ Mark Natola, ed. (2002). Boeing B-47 Stratojet. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. pp. 77–80. ISBN 0764316702.
- ^ "2 planes collide in midair; pilots and crew unhurt". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. February 5, 1958. p. 1.
- ^ "Jet, bomber collide today". Rome News-Tribune. (Georgia). Associated Press. February 5, 1958. p. 1.
- ^ Swopes, Brian R. "5 February 1958". This Day in Aviation. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023.
- ^ a b Northam, Gerry (June 22, 2009). "Missing for 50 years – US nuclear bomb". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ "Damaged bomber makes safe landing". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. February 6, 1958. p. 2.
- ^ "Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons". Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
- ^ a b "Air Force Search & Recovery Assessment of the 1958 Savannah, B-47 Accident" (PDF). Air Force Nuclear Weapons and Counterproliferation Agency (PDF). April 12, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- ^ The Nuclear Information Project Archived November 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Form AL-569, "Temporary Custodian Receipt (for maneuvers)," to U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Albuquerque Operations, from James W. Twitty, Col., U.S. Air Force, February 4, 1958. Released under FOIA. (PDF)
- ^ NPR Media, Letter of W.J. Howard, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy), to the Chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States (April 22, 1966). (PDF) Page 1, Page2.
- ^ The Nuclear Information Project, History of the Strategic Air Command January 1, 1958 – June 30, 1958. Released under FOIA. (PDF) Archived July 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "'Lost" H-bomb: RIP". Savannah Morning News. June 22, 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018.
- ^ America's Lost H Bomb (Television production). Marabella Productions. 2009. Archived from the original on October 30, 2010.
- ^ Chatham County Public Works and Park Services, Drinking Water Quality Consumer Confidence Report (2007) Archived August 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Georgia Warhead". Snopes. February 27, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
References
edit- "Air Force Search & Recovery Assessment of the 1958 Savannah, GA B-47 Accident" (PDF). Air Force Nuclear Weapons and Counterproliferation Agency (PDF). April 12, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- Shaughnessy, Larry (September 13, 2004). "Lost Bomb Possibly Found". CNN. Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- Bell, Brett (September 14, 2004). "Return of the Tybee Bomb". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- Carter, Chelsea (May 3, 2004). "Cold War hydrogen bomb off Georgia stirs worries". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved September 14, 2004.
- Welsh, Edward (August 21, 2001). "There's an H-bomb in Our Swamp". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Archived from the original on October 13, 2004. Retrieved September 16, 2004.
- Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins (2008). "Broken Arrow: The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents". Lulu. ISBN 978-1-4357-0361-2.
External links
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- "For 50 Years, Nuclear Bomb Lost in Watery Grave", NPR (February 3, 2008)
- "Missing for 50 years – US nuclear bomb", BBC News (June 22, 2009)
- Nuclear Bomb Dropped in Georgia; No Nuclear Capsule Inserted, Documents Show, The Nuclear Information Project (2004)
- Chart of Strategic Nuclear Bombs, Strategic-Air-Command.com
- Chasing Loose Nukes by Col. Derek Duke (as told to Fred Dungan)