Hajji Kizbech Tughuzhuqo (sometimes misspelled as Ghuz Bek; 1777–1840; Adyghe: ШэрэлIыкъо Тыгъужъыкъо Къызбэч, romanized: Ṩərəl'ıqo Tığujzıqo Qızbəç [ʃaraɬʼəqʷa təʁʷəʐəqʷa qəzbatʃ]; Russian: Тугужуко Кызбэч) was a Circassian military commander who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Personally witnessing all of his family get killed by the Russian army,[2] Tughuzhuqo was a cavalry commander especially successful in raiding behind enemy lines. He received multiple offers from the Russian Empire to switch sides and join its Imperial ranks but he refused all offers and closed negotiations.[3] The Englishman James Bell, who knew him personally, called him "The Lion of Circassia".
Tughuzhuqo Kizbech | |
|---|---|
| ШэрэлIыкъо Тыгъужъыкъо Къызбэч | |
 A portrait of Tughuzhuqo, drawn by James Stanislaus Bell who knew him in person | |
 Leader of the Shapsug  | |
| In office 1810–1840 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1777 Beannash, Shapsug province, Circassia |
| Died | 28 February 1840 (aged 62–63) Shapsug province, Circassia |
| Nickname | The Lion of Circassia |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Circassian Confederation
|
| Years of service | 1810 — 1839 |
| Battles/wars |
|
Biography
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Early life
editTughuzhuqo was born in 1777 in the village of Beannash, to the Shapsug noble house of Sherelh'yqo.
Russo-Circassian War
editKizbech started his struggle once the Russo-Circassian War reached western Circassia. Between the years 1810–1840, he stormed the Russian garrisons and settlements with a volley of attacks. In 1821, he defeated a Russian campaign on the lands of Shapsug.[4]
In 1830, Kizbech attacked Elizavinskaya settlement and destroyed it, and in 1834, heading a force of 700 cavaliers, he brutally defeated a 14 thousand soldier Russian troops. Again, in the same year, he headed 1200 cavaliers to victory over 6 thousand Russian soldiers.[4]
Over many years, he raided several hostile Russian garrisons; Maryanskaya, Georgie, Afepskaya, Apenskaya, and in 1837 while crossing through a field, he was identified by Cossack peasants, who out of their great fear, fled the place leaving behind them 200 sickles. In the same year of 1837, Kizbech stormed the coastal castle of Nikolayev and seized all its properties.[5]
In 1837, accompanied by 250 men, he attacked the right bank of the Kuban Russian fort. As a warrior, Tughuzhuqo enjoyed great respect among opponents. Tsarist generals entered into negotiations with him and repeatedly offered him to join the service of Russia, he rejected all offers. After the failure of his generals to convince him, Tsar Nicholas I tried to personally approach Kizbech to dissuade him from continuing his acts. Kizbech rejected offers of money and continued his raids on Russian garrisons.
In October 1838, he received seven serious wounds, and his sons were injured and eventually died from the injuries. In 1840, Kizbech, heading a group of Circassian cavaliers, captured the garrisons of Waya, Tuapse and Shaps.[4]
Circassian revolution
editCircassian revolution started in Shapsug when Kizbech was 18 years old. In this war, the peasants of Shapsug rebelled against their princes. Despite being for the princes' class, Kizbech took the side of the peasants and was one of the few aristocratic figures that were accepted in the new social structure that the Shapsegh had founded.
Fame
editBritish adventurer James Bell was impressed by the courage of Kizbech. He witnessed the fear in the hearts of Russian soldiers when hearing Kizbech's name, and how they dispersed before him after they had seen him.[6]
Russian General Olshevsky wrote:[7]
"Shapsugs are considered the fiercest and most dangerous inhabitants of the coasts of the Black Sea ... The Shapsugs were able, thanks to courage and fortitude, to defend themselves and their land, which was proven by inflicting great losses on us, in all cases our forces had to fight them. Among them were strong leaders on the For example, Sherelh'yqo Kizbech Tughuzhuqo".[7] - General Melenty Yakovlevich Olshevsky
Death
editKizbech Tughuzhuqo died of wounds received in action on February 28, 1840. He had six different fatal wounds at the time. Some other sources claim he died in battle.
Legacy
editIn 2014, in the 150th anniversary of the end of Russo-Circassian War, a group of Circassian nationalists organized the constructing a monument of Kizbech in the village of Afipsip.[8] As of June 2015 the fundraising was completed and the statue was built.[9] The Republic of Turkey created a postage stamp in memory of Kizbech.[10][11][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Цуекъо, Алый (2012). Адыгэ лъэкъуацIэхэмрэ тамыгъэхэмрэ [Circassian family names and tamgas] (PDF) (in Adyghe). Мыекъуапэ Адыгэ Республикэм итхылъ тедзапІ. p. 202.
- ^ Açumıj, Hilmi (2021). "Milletin Özgürlüğü İçin Canla Başla Mücadele Ettiler!". cherkessia.net. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
- ^ Bell, James Stanlious (1837). The Lion of Circassia.
- ^ a b c "مكتبة المقالات | Dr Ali Kasht official website". Dr Ali Kasht (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
- ^ "مكتبة المقالات | Dr Ali Kasht". Dr Ali Kasht (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
- ^ "Journal of a Residence in Circassia First Edition - James Stanislaus Bell - Bauman Rare Books". www.baumanrarebooks.com. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
- ^ a b Kasht, Dr Ali M. (2022-01-14). "عن شجاعة الشابسوغ". Dr Ali Kasht (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-17.
- ^ www.fond-adygi.ru - Чемсо Газий. Памятник народному герою Хаджи-Кизбечу Шеретлуко
- ^ - information from the web site[permanent dead link] of Oshad Foundation (Russian: Fond Nasledie)[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kdz.Ereğli Kuzey Kafkasya Kültür Platformu, "Şeretl'ıko Hacı Kızbeç"
- ^ Açumıj, Hilmi (12 April 2018). "Türkiye Posta Pulunda Çerkes Kahramanı…". Cherkessia. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ "Тыгъужъыкъо Къызбэч". adygvoice. Адыгэ Макъ. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
External links
edit- AdygaAbaza Web-Portal: Тугужуко Казбич (in Russian)
- Biography (in Russian)