Trovafloxacin (sold as Trovan by Pfizer and Turvel by Laboratorios Almirall) is a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various bacteria by blocking the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.[1] It was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. It had better Gram-positive bacterial coverage but less Gram-negative coverage than the previous fluoroquinolones.
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| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| MedlinePlus | a605016 |
| Routes of administration | Oral, intravenous |
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| Formula | C20H15F3N4O3 |
| Molar mass | 416.360 g·mol−1 |
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Adverse reactions
editTrovafloxacin use is significantly restricted due to its high potential for inducing serious and sometimes fatal liver damage.[2] Currently, the drug is not approved for use in the U.S. or the European Union due to association with cases of acute liver failure and death.
Manufacturing
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The key reaction in building the ring consists of 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of ethyl diazoacetate to N-Cbz-3-pyrroline to afford the pyrrazolidine (3). Pyrolysis results in loss of nitrogen and formation of the cyclopropylpyrrolidine ring. The stereochemistry of the ring simply reflects the thermodynamics, since cis ring fusion is by far the most stable arrangement, as is the cis configuration of the ester group. The ester is then saponified to the corresponding carboxylic acid (5). The acid undergoes a version of the Curtius rearrangement when treated with diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) to afford the transient isocyanate (6). The reactive function adds t-BuOH from the reaction medium to afford the product as its tert-Butyloxycarbonyl protecting group derivative (7). Catalytic hydrogenation then removes the carbobenzyloxy protecting group to afford the secondary amine (8). In a standard quinoline reaction, this amine is then used to displace the more reactive fluorine at the 7-position in Ethyl 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6,7-difluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate (9).[3]
Society and culture
editLegal status
editThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved trovafloxacin for therapeutic use in December 1997 for use in patients aged 18 years and older.[4] In June 1999, the agency advised doctors to limit the prescription of trovafloxacin due to adverse events associated with the drug (over 100 cases of acute liver injury reported to FDA). In May 2000, the FDA withdrew marketing authorisation for trovafloxacin.
Trovafloxacin received marketing authorisation in the European Union in October 1998.[5] In June 1999, in view of reported adverse events, the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products recommended suspension of the marketing authorisation for a year.[6][7] The suspension took effect in August 1999 and was renewed in September 2000.[5] In October 2000, Pfizer notified the European Commission of its decision to voluntarily withdraw the marketing authorisation which was approved by EMA in March 2001.[5]
Economics
editTrovan sales during its first full year on the market contributed US$160 million of Pfizer's total revenue of US$12.6 billion. Investors expected it to eventually bring in US$1 billion per year.[6]
Nigerian clinical trial controversy
editIn 1996, during a meningitis epidemic in Kano, Nigeria, the drug was administered to approximately 200[8][9] infected children. Eleven children died in the trial: five after taking Trovan and six after taking an older antibiotic used for comparison in the clinical trial. Others suffered blindness, deafness and brain damage, common consequences of meningitis that have not been seen in patients treated with trovafloxacin for other infection types.[10][11][12] An investigation by the Washington Post concluded that Pfizer had administered the drug as part of an illegal clinical trial without authorization from the Nigerian government or consent from the children's parents.[13] The case came to light in December 2000 as the result of an investigation by The Washington Post, and sparked significant public outcry. The most serious error was the falsification and backdating of an ethics approval letter by the lead investigator of the trial, Dr. Abdulhamid Isa Dutse. Dr. Dutse is now the chief medical officer of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. The result of the trial was that children treated with oral trovafloxacin had a 5% (5/100) mortality rate compared to a 6% (6/100) mortality rate with intramuscular ceftriaxone.
Between 2002 and 2005 the victims of the Trovan tests in Nigeria filed a series of unsuccessful lawsuits in the United States. However, in January 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that the Nigerian victims and their families were entitled to bring suit against Pfizer in the United States under the Alien Tort Statute. A US$75 million settlement with the State of Kano was reached on July 30, 2009.[14] Additionally two lawsuits also remain pending in New York, United States.[14] According to Wikileaked US embassy cables, Pfizer's country manager admitted that "Pfizer had hired investigators to uncover corruption links to federal attorney general Michael Aondoakaa to expose him and put pressure on him to drop the federal cases."[15]
See also
edit- Alatrofloxacin, a prodrug of trovafloxacin for intravenous administration
- Quinolone
References
edit- ^ Gootz TD, Zaniewski R, Haskell S, Schmieder B, Tankovic J, Girard D, et al. (December 1996). "Activity of the new fluoroquinolone trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae selected in vitro". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 40 (12): 2691–2697. doi:10.1128/AAC.40.12.2691. PMC 163605. PMID 9124824.
- ^ Pannu HK, Gottlieb L, Fishman EK (2001). "Acute liver failure due to trovafloxacin: CT findings". Emergency Radiology. 8 (2): 108–110. doi:10.1007/PL00011876. S2CID 43307678.
- ^ D. Lednicer, The organic chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Vol. 5, p 123 (1995).
- ^ "Trovafloxacin – Approval Letter & Printed Labelling" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration.
- ^ a b c "Public statement on Trovan / Trovan IV / Turvel / Turvel IV: Withdrawal of the marketing authorisations" (PDF). European Medicines Agency.
- ^ a b Petersen M (August 27, 2000). "Unforeseen Side Effects Ruined One Blockbuster". The New York Times. p. 3.11.
- ^ "Suspension of Trovan Drug in Europe Is Urged". The New York Times. June 12, 1999. p. C.3.
- ^ Oldani M (2016). "Trovafloxacin (Trovan) Controversy". The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1444–1447. doi:10.4135/9781483349985.n409. ISBN 9781483350004. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
- ^ Report of the Investigation Committee on the Clinical Trial of Trovafloxacin (Trovan) by Pfizer, Kano, 1996. (PDF), Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
- ^ Williams D, Hopkins S (June 1998). "Safety of trovafloxacin in treatment of lower respiratory tract infections". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 17 (6): 454–458. doi:10.1007/bf01691582. PMID 9758292. S2CID 1325773.
- ^ Lipsky BA, Baker CA (February 1999). "Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 28 (2): 352–364. doi:10.1086/515104. PMID 10064255.
- ^ Sabatini C, Bosis S, Semino M, Senatore L, Principi N, Esposito S (June 2012). "Clinical presentation of meningococcal disease in childhood". Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 53 (2): 116–119. PMID 23240173.
- ^ Stephens J (May 7, 2006). "Panel Faults Pfizer in '96 Clinical Trial In Nigeria". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
- ^ a b Stephens J (July 31, 2009). "Pfizer to Pay $75 Million to Settle Nigerian Trovan Drug-Testing Suit". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ Boseley S (9 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: Pfizer 'used dirty tricks to avoid clinical trial payout'". The Guardian.
External links
edit- Abdullahi v Pfizer. US Court of Appeals 2d Cir 30 Jan 2009 Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine