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Tottenham

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This article is about the district of London. For the association football team, see Tottenham Hotspur F.C. For other uses, see Tottenham (disambiguation).

Tottenham (/ˈtɒtənəm/,[2][3] TOT-ən-əm, /tɒtnəm/, tot-nəm) is a town in north London, England, within the London Borough of Haringey. It is located in the ceremonial county of Greater London. Tottenham is centred 6 mi (10 km) north-northeast of Charing Cross,[4] bordering Edmonton to the north, Walthamstow, across the River Lea, to the east, and Stamford Hill to the south, with Wood Green and Harringay to the west.

Tottenham
View of Tottenham
Tottenham is located in Greater London
Tottenham
Tottenham
Location within Greater London
Population129,237 (2011 census)[1]
OS grid referenceTQ33608950
• Charing Cross6 mi (9.7 km) SSW
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtN15, N17
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London
51°35′51″N 00°04′05″W / 51.59750°N 0.06806°W / 51.59750; -0.06806

The area rapidly expanded in the late-19th century, becoming a working-class suburb of London following the advent of the railway and mass development of housing for the lower-middle and working classes. It has been home to the Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur since 1882. The parish of Tottenham was granted urban district status in 1894 and municipal borough status in 1934. Following the Second World War, the area saw large-scale development of council housing, including tower blocks. Until 1965 Tottenham was in the historic county of Middlesex. In 1965, the borough of Tottenham merged with the municipal boroughs of Hornsey and Wood Green to form the London Borough of Haringey.

Tottenham is renowned for its multicultural, ethnically diverse population. Following an influx of an Afro-Caribbean population during the Windrush era in the mid-20th century, it became one of the most ethnically diverse areas in Britain. It has more recently become home to an increased population from Africa, Asia, South America and Eastern Europe. At the 2011 census, the population of Tottenham was 129,237.

History

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Toponymy

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Tottenham is believed to have been named after Tota, a farmer, whose hamlet was mentioned in the Domesday Book. 'Tota's hamlet', it is thought, developed into 'Tottenham'. The settlement was recorded in the Domesday Book as Toteham, in the ancient hundred of Edmonton.[5][6] It is not related to Tottenham Court Road in Central London, though the two names share a similar-sounding root.[7]

Early history

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Map of Tottenham in 1619

There has been a settlement at Tottenham for over a thousand years. It grew up along the old Roman road, Ermine Street (some of which is part of the present A10 road), and between High Cross and Tottenham Hale, the present Monument Way.

When the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086, about 70 families lived within the area of the manor, mostly labourers working for the Lord of the Manor. A humorous poem entitled the Tournament of Tottenham, written around 1400, describes a mock-battle between peasants vying for the reeve's daughter.

The River Lea (or Lee) was the eastern boundary between the Municipal Boroughs of Tottenham and Walthamstow. It is the ancient boundary between Middlesex and Essex and also formed the western boundary of the Viking controlled Danelaw. Today it is the boundary between the London Boroughs of Haringey and Waltham Forest. A major tributary of the Lea, the River Moselle, also crosses the borough from west to east, and often caused serious flooding until it was mostly covered in the 19th century.

From the Tudor period onwards, Tottenham became a popular recreation and leisure destination for wealthy Londoners. Henry VIII is known to have visited Bruce Castle[8] and also hunted in Tottenham Wood. A rural Tottenham also featured in Izaak Walton's book The Compleat Angler, published in 1653.[9] The area became noted for its large Quaker population[10] and its schools (including Rowland Hill[11] at Bruce Castle[12]). Tottenham remained a semi-rural and upper middle class area until the 1870s.

Modern era

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A 1790 painting of Tottenham by John Greenwood

In late 1870s, the Great Eastern Railway introduced special workman's trains and fares on its newly opened Enfield and Walthamstow branch lines. Tottenham's low-lying fields and market gardens were then rapidly transformed into cheap housing for the lower middle and working classes, who were able to commute cheaply to inner London. The workman's fare policy stimulated the relatively early development of the area into a London suburb.

In 1894, Tottenham was made an urban district and on 27 September 1934 it became a municipal borough. As from 1 April 1965, the municipal borough formed part of the London Borough of Haringey together with Hornsey and Wood Green.

An incident occurred on 23 January 1909, which was at the time known as the Tottenham Outrage.[13] Two armed robbers, Latvian Jews of Russian extraction, held up the wages clerk of rubber works in Chestnut Road. They made their getaway via Tottenham Marshes and fled across the Lea. On the opposite bank of the river, they hijacked a Walthamstow Corporation tramcar, hotly pursued by the police on another tram. The hijacked tram was stopped but the robbers continued their flight on foot. After firing their weapons and killing two people, Ralph Joscelyne, aged 10, and PC William Tyler, they were eventually cornered by the police and shot themselves rather than be captured. Fourteen other people were wounded during the chase. The incident later became the subject of a silent film.[14]

During the Second World War Tottenham was one of the many targets of the German air offensive against Britain. Bombs fell in the borough (Elmar Road) during the first air raid on London on 24 August 1940. The borough also received V-1 (four incidents) and V-2 hits, the last of which occurred on 15 March 1945. Wartime shortages led to the creation of Tottenham Pudding, a mixture of household waste food which was converted into feeding stuff for pigs and poultry.[15] The "pudding" was named by Queen Mary on a visit to Tottenham Refuse Works. Production continued into the post-war period, its demise coinciding with the merging of the borough into the new London Borough of Haringey.

Riots

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Broadwater Farm, the scene of rioting in 1985

The Broadwater Farm riot occurred around the Broadwater Farm Estate on 6 October 1985 following the death of Cynthia Jarrett. Jarrett was a resident of Tottenham who lived about one mile (two kilometres) from the estate, who died of heart failure during a police search of her home. The tension between local black youths and the largely white Metropolitan Police had been high due to a combination of local issues and the aftermath of riots in Brixton which had occurred in the previous week. The response of some of the black community in Tottenham and surrounding areas culminated in a riot beginning on Tottenham High Road and ending in Broadwater Farm Estate. One police officer, Keith Blakelock, was murdered; 58 policemen and 24 other people were injured in the fighting. Two of the policemen were injured by gunshots during the riot, the first time that firearms had been used in that type of confrontation.[16]

 
The former Bruce Grove Post Office was destroyed during the 2011 Tottenham riots

The 2011 Tottenham riots were a series of riots precipitated by the fatal shooting of Mark Duggan, a 29-year-old man in Tottenham, by police officers on 4 August 2011.[17][18][19][clarification needed] Attacks were carried out on two police cars, a bus, a Post Office and several local shops from 8:00 pm onwards on 6 August 2011. Riot police vans attended the scene of disturbances on Tottenham High Road. Later in the evening, the riot spread, with an Aldi supermarket and a branch of Allied Carpets also destroyed by fire, and widespread looting in nearby Wood Green shopping centre and the retail park at Tottenham Hale. Several flats above shops on Tottenham High Road collapsed due to the fires. 26 shared ownership flats in the Union Point development above the Carpetright store – built in the landmark Cooperative department store building – were also destroyed by fire. The triggering event was when a group of over one hundred local Tottenham residents set out to undertake a protest march against the killing of Mark Duggan, who was shot by police officers assigned to Operation Trident earlier in the week. The crowd made up of Duggan's family and local community leaders, gathered outside Tottenham police station on 6 August 2011 to protest the failure of the police to provide family members with a formal notice of the killing.[20] The circumstances surrounding Duggan's death were not entirely clear at the time of the riot. On 17 August 2011, the Prince of Wales and his wife Duchess of Cornwall visited an emergency center to meet victims of the riots.[21]

Railway history

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Governance

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Parliament

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Tottenham is the biggest part of the parliamentary constituency of Tottenham. The constituency was created in 1885 when the first MP was Joseph Howard of the Conservative Party. The boundaries were redrawn in 1918, and Tottenham was divided into two separate constituencies: Tottenham North and Tottenham South. Since being reinstated in 1950, it has been predominantly represented by MPs from the Labour Party, with the exception of Alan Brown who defected to the Conservatives due to disagreement with the Labour Party's defence policy at the time. The current MP is David Lammy who won a by-election in 2000 following the death of Bernie Grant.

Local government

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Tottenham was at the center of a local administrative area from the medieval period until 1965. The administrative area developed from a parish in Middlesex into an Urban sanitary district in 1875, after a local board of health had been established in 1850. It was then divided in 1888 and Wood Green became a separate authority.[22] In 1894, Tottenham was reconstituted first as an urban district, based at Tottenham Town Hall, then as a municipal borough in 1934.[23] Under the Local Government Act 1963, it became part of the larger London Borough of Haringey. The Tottenham neighbourhood is now one of twenty neighbourhoods in Haringey.

Geography

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Its elevation is approximately 33 ft (10 m) above sea level.

Sub-districts

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Because of Tottenham's long history as a borough, the Tottenham name is used by some to this day to describe the whole of the area formerly covered by the old borough, incorporating the N17 postcode area and part of N15.[24] However, there are differing views as to what constitutes the Tottenham neighbourhood in the present day. Many think of Tottenham today as most of the area covered by the N17 post code, sometimes using the phrase 'Tottenham Proper' to describe it and to distinguish it from the other parts of the old borough.[25]

Neighbouring areas

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Demography

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A claim made by MP David Lammy in 2011, indicated that at that time Tottenham had the highest unemployment rate in London and the eighth highest in the United Kingdom, and it had some of the highest poverty rates within the country.[26]

Ethnic composition

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Tottenham has a multicultural population, with many ethnic groups inhabiting the area. It contains one of the largest and most significant populations of Afro-Caribbean people. These were among the earliest groups of immigrants to settle in the area, starting from the UK's Windrush era. The Seven Sisters ward has the largest proportion of Jewish residents among Haringey wards, at 18.1%.[27]

In the 2011 UK Census, the ethnic composition of the Tottenham constituency, of which Tottenham is a large part, was as follows:[28]

  • 27.7% Other White
  • 26.7% Black
  • 22.3% White British
  • 10.7% Asian
  • 12.6% Other/Mixed

Crime

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Tottenham has been one of the main hotspots for gangs and gun crime in the United Kingdom during the past three decades. This followed the rise of gangs and drug wars throughout the area, notably those involving the Tottenham Mandem gang and various gangs from Hackney and all of the areas surrounding Tottenham, and the emergence of an organised crime ring known as the Turkish mafia fought other London gangs to allegedly control more than 90% of the UK's heroin market.[29]

In 1999, Tottenham was identified as one of the yardies' strongholds in London, along with Hackney, Harlesden, Peckham and Brixton.[30]

Landmarks and notable places

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Tottenham Town Hall
 
Bruce Castle, formerly known as the Lordship House, is now a local museum

Transport

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London Underground

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The Victoria line passes through Tottenham, calling at Seven Sisters and Tottenham Hale. This connects Tottenham directly to Walthamstow, the West End and Brixton.[36]

The line has its operating depot in the area at Northumberland Park.[36]

National Rail

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White Hart Lane station, as viewed from Love Lane

The area is served by two train operating companies:

London Overground

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Greater Anglia

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Buses

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Tottenham is well served by many London Bus routes, including: 41, 76, 123, 149, 192, 230, 243, 259, 279, 318, 341, 349, 476, W3 and W4[39]

Cycling

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The area is connected to both London and National cycle networks, with provisions for recreational and commuter cycling across Tottenham.

The River Lea towpath is a shared-use path maintained by the Canal and River Trust.[45]

Cycling infrastructure in maintained primarily by Transport for London (TfL) and the London Borough of Haringey.

Sport

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Tottenham Hotspur Stadium is the third-largest football stadium in England

Tottenham is the home of Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur. From 1899 until 2017, the club's home ground was White Hart Lane. In 2017, White Hart Lane ground closed and demolition commenced to make way for a new stadium on the same site, known as the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, as part of a wider project for the redevelopment of the area. The new stadium was due to open in September 2018, but was delayed until later in the 2018–19 season. The stadium was opened on 3 April 2019. For the 2017–18 season and most of the 2018–19 season, the club played their home games at Wembley.

Tottenham also has two non-League football clubs, Haringey Borough F.C. who currently play at Coles Park Stadium and Park View who play at the White Hart Lane Community Sports Centre.

Media

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The Tottenham & Wood Green Independent is a local newspaper published by Newsquest.[46]

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Tottenham cake is a sponge cake baked in large metal trays, covered either in pink icing or jam (and occasionally decorated with shredded desiccated coconut). Tottenham cake's origins are unclear. There is reference to "tottenham cakes" as early as 1891 when the Far Famed Cake Company are credited as the originators of the confection. Singer Adele was born in Tottenham. [47] Another source states the cake "was originally sold by the baker Henry Chalkley from 1901, who was a Friend (or Quaker), at the price of one old penny, with smaller mis-shaped pieces sold for half an old penny". The pink colouring was derived from mulberries found growing at the Tottenham Friends burial ground.[48] Originally "a peculiar local invention"[49] of north London, the cake was later mass-produced by bakery chains such as Percy Ingle and Greggs.[50][51] The cake featured on The Great British Bake Off TV programme broadcast Tuesday 17 September 2013 on BBC2.[52]

References

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  1. ^ "Local statistics: Office for National Statistics". neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  2. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
  3. ^ Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521152532
  4. ^ "Distance between Charing Cross, London, England, UK and Tottenham, London, England, UK (UK)". Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  5. ^ Open Domesday: Tottenham Archived 28 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed April 2021.
  6. ^ "DocumentsOnline | Image Details". The National Archives. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  7. ^ Mills, A.D. (2010). A Dictionary of London Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-199-56678-5.
  8. ^ "Tottenham: Growth before 1850 | British History Online". Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  9. ^ "The Complete Angler by Isaak Walton – Free eBook". Manybooks.net. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  10. ^ "Tottenham Quaker Meeting (Religious Society of Friends)". Tottenhamquakers.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  11. ^ "Old Schools of Tottenham". tottenham-summerhillroad. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  12. ^ "E.Howard, Eliot Papers, 1895". 1895. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  13. ^ The Tottenham Outrage. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  14. ^ Tottenham outrage- silent film Archived 12 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  15. ^ "Foods of England – Tottenham Pudding". Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  16. ^ Newman, K. ["Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Police-Public Relations: The Pace of Change: Police Foundation Lecture 1986, The Police Foundation, 1986
  17. ^ Lewis, Paul (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riots: a peaceful protest, then suddenly all hell broke loose". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  18. ^ "Tottenham in flames as protesters riot". The Guardian. London. 6 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  19. ^ "Tension builds in Enfield Town as small groups arrive in area". Enfield Independent. 7 August 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  20. ^ Elster, Julius (31 March 2020). "Youth voices in post-English riots Tottenham: The role of reflexivity in negotiating negative representations" (PDF). The Sociological Review. 68 (6): 1386–1402. doi:10.1177/0038026120915706. ISSN 0038-0261. S2CID 216285672. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  21. ^ News report Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 22 August 2011
  22. ^ Great Britain Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, Tottenham parish (historic map). Retrieved {{{accessdate}}}. Archived 27 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ See Municipal Borough of Tottenham article.
  24. ^ "Google Maps". Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  25. ^ "One such example is given on the Tottenham entry on the Postcodes Walks website". 14 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  26. ^ David Lammie. "Response to the Comprehensive Spending Review". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  27. ^ "Haringey Ward Profile : Seven Sisters" (PDF). Haringey.gov.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  28. ^ "UK Polling Report". ukpollingreport.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  29. ^ Tony Thompson (17 November 2002). "Heroin 'emperor' brings terror to UK streets". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  30. ^ "Police tackle London's Yardies". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  31. ^ "Brook Street Chapel". Brook Street Chapel. 31 October 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  32. ^ "Bruce Castle Museum". Haringey.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 24 April 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  33. ^ "Tottenham: Roman catholicism Pages 355–356 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5, Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham". British History Online. Victoria County History, 1976. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  34. ^ "Haringey conservation areas are losing their character". Tottenham Independent. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  35. ^ "London Wildweb". Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  36. ^ a b Standard Tube Map (PDF) (Map). Not to scale. Transport for London. April 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  37. ^ "London Overground Timetables". Transport for London. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  38. ^ "Timetables". Greater Anglia. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  39. ^ "National Rail Tottenham Bus Map" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  40. ^ "London Docklands and Lea Valley" (PDF). Sustrans. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2017.
  41. ^ "Route 1". Sustrans. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019.
  42. ^ "Cycle Superhighway Route 1" (PDF). Transport for London (TfL). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019.
  43. ^ "Quietway 2 (East): Bloomsbury to Walthamstow" (PDF). Transport for London (TfL). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2019.
  44. ^ "EuroVelo 2: United Kingdom". EuroVelo. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  45. ^ "Canal Cycling Routes". Canal and River Trust. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019.
  46. ^ "News and sport from Tottenham, Wood Green, Haringey, Crouch End, and Muswell Hill". Thetottenhamindependent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  47. ^ "THE FAR FAMED CAKE COMPANY: A Visit to their works at Rifle-Street". East End News and London Shipping Chronicle. 20 October 1891. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  48. ^ Ferris, Ken; Lane, Wyart. "Frequently Asked Questions about the Spurs" (HTTP). The 'My Eyes Have Seen the Glory' website. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
  49. ^ "Dressed in Simplicity: 300 years of Quakers in Tottenham". Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  50. ^ "Tottenham Cake Recipe and History". 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  51. ^ "Have you heard about the 'Greggs Secret Menu'?". Greggs. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  52. ^ "Tottenham Cake | Haringey Council". Haringey.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
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