United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
(United Provinces of South America)
Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata
(Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica)
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata; (United Provinces of South America) Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata; (Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica)
1810–1831
	Flag; (1818) Coat of arms
	Motto: "En unión y libertad"; (Unofficial)
	Anthem: Patriotic March;
	Sol de Mayo; (Sun of May);
	The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1816. Territory under effective control shown in dark green; territories under royalist or indigenous rule shown in light green.
Capital	Buenos Aires;
Common languages	Spanish
Religion	Christianity
Government	Federal constitutional monarchy (1810–1816); Republic (1816–1831);
Recognized Monarch
• 1810–1816	Ferdinand VII of Spain; (as King of Spain)
Head of State
• 1810–1811	Cornelio Saavedra; (as President of Primera Junta and Junta Grande)
• 1811–1812	Domingo Matheu; (as President of Junta Grande)
• 1812–1814	First and Second Triumvirate
• 1814–1815	Gervasio Antonio de Posadas; (as Supreme Director)
• 1820	Juan Pedro Aguirre; (as Supreme Director)
• 1826–1827	Bernardino Rivadavia; (as President)
• 1827	Vicente López y Planes; (as President)
Governor of Buenos Aires Province
• 1820	Matías de Irigoyen
• 1824–1826	Juan Gregorio de las Heras
• 1827–1828	Manuel Dorrego
• 1835–1832	Juan Manuel de Rosas
Historical era	Napoleonic Wars
• British invasions of the Río de la Plata	1806–1807
• May Revolution	25 May 1810
• Declaration of; Independence	9 July 1816
• Battle of Cepeda; End of centralized authority	1 February 1820
• First Presidency	8 February 1826
• Treaty of Montevideo; Independence of Uruguay	28 August 1828
• Pacto Federal	4 January 1831
Currency	Real (from 1813); Sol (from 1815); Peso fuerte (from 1826);
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Argentine Confederation
Bolivia
Empire of Brazil
Uruguay

The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica), was a name adopted in 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán for the region of South America that declared independence in 1816, with the Sovereign Congress taking place in 1813, during the Argentine War of Independence (1810–1818) that began with the May Revolution in 1810. It originally comprised rebellious territories of the former Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata dependencies and had Buenos Aires as its capital.

The name "Provincias del Río de la Plata" (formally adopted during the Cortes of Cádiz to designate the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata)^[2] alludes to the Junta Provisional Gubernativa de las Provincias del Río de la Plata ^[3] or Primera Junta. It is best known in Argentinean literature as Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ("United Provinces of the River Plate" i.e. river of silver), this being the most common name (since 1811) in use for the country until the enactment of the 1826 Constitution. The Argentine National Anthem refers to the state as "the United Provinces of the South". The Constitution of Argentina recognises Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata as one of the official names of the country, referred to as "Argentine Nation" (Nación Argentina) in modern legislation.^[4]

Description

The United Provinces of South America were bordered on the south by the sparsely populated territories of the Pampas and Patagonia, home to the Mapuche, Ranquel and Puelche peoples. To the north, the Gran Chaco was populated by the Guaycuru nations. To the northwest, across the Upper Peru, lay the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Across the Andes, to the west, was the Spanish-controlled Captaincy General of Chile. To the northeast was Colonial Brazil, a part of the Portuguese Empire (in 1815, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves), later the Empire of Brazil in 1821.

Government

United Provinces in the 1820s as understood by political cartographers at the time. 1821: Carte physique et politique de l'Amérique méridionale.^[5] 1822: The American Atlas by Carey & Lea. 1825: South America by Fisher.

The change from the Viceroyalty into the United Provinces was not merely a change of governors, but a revolutionary process that would replace the Spanish monarchy with an independent republic.

The main influences in this were the Enlightenment in Spain, promoting new ideas, and the Peninsular War that left Spain without a legitimate king after the Abdications of Bayonne. The concept of separation of powers gradually became a tool to prevent despotism.^[6]^: 12

The new political situation generated great political conflict between the cities for two reasons. First, the vacatio regis of Ferdinand VII and the French King of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte, there was no clear view about who was the king. Some people thought that it passed to other offices of the Spanish monarchy, while others held the notion of the retroversion of the sovereignty to the people: sovereignty returned to the people, who had now the right to self-governance temporally. ^[6]^: 14

But, in 1810 under the establishment of the new doctrine of popular sovereignty throughout the Spanish empire, the Spanish government summoned all the nations of America and Spain, to establish Spanish courts for the whole empire, but on the contrary, the patriots, under the same right of popular sovereignty, thought that any nation, both in Spain and America, had the right to self-government and to establish their own country.

History

The freedom of the provinces of the Río de la Plata was established through a lengthy process that started in May 1810, when the citizens and militias of Buenos Aires, the capital city of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, ousted the Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros in the May Revolution. Although there was not a declaration of independence at the time, and the government that emerged from the revolution declared loyalty to the king Ferdinand VII, in fact it attempted to reorganise the social, political and economic structures of the provinces of the Río de la Plata. As it faced immediate resistance in some quarters (namely the Banda Oriental, under the new Spanish Viceroy Javier de Elío, Córdoba and Santiago de Liniers, the local government of Asunción in Paraguay and, notably, the royalist forces from the Viceroyalty of Perú), the revolution soon turned to be a War of Independence.

Battle of Maipú, 1819

In the midst of the war of independence, during the entire 1810–1831 period there were serious conflicts among ever-changing factions regarding the organization of the state and the political aims of the revolutionary governments. These conflicts involved coups d'état, mutinies, politically motivated trials, banishments and imprisonments and finally developed into an outright civil war.

Initial revolutionary governments

Ever since the revolution, there were serious conflicts among diverging views regarding the political organization of the provinces. While some advocated a strong and executive central government with little accountability to the regional interests, a position at first favored by the "enlightened" revolutionary and independentist elements, others sought to integrate representatives from the provinces in a larger deliberative assembly. As the latter position gained the upper hand, the Primera Junta grew to incorporate delegates from the provinces in 1811. However, as it became evident that such an arrangement was not effective enough to lead the war efforts, a triumvirate assumed executive powers while the assembly retained some controlling functions.

Assembly of the year XIII

United Provinces represented at the 1813 Congress.

Supreme Directorship

Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of South America (1816)

Declaration of independence

Liga Federal

The Liga Federal (1815–1820), or Liga de los Pueblos Libres (League of the Free Peoples), was an alliance of provinces in what is now Argentina and Uruguay, organised under democratic federalist ideals strongly advocated by its leader, José Gervasio Artigas.

The government of the United Provinces of South America felt threatened by the growing appeal of the Liga Federal, so they did nothing to repel the incoming Portuguese invasion of Misiones Orientales and the Banda Oriental, the stronghold of Artigas. Brazilian General Carlos Frederico Lecor, thanks to their numerical and material superiority, defeated Artigas and his army and occupied Montevideo on January 20, 1817, but the struggle continued for three long years in the countryside. Infuriated by the passivity of Buenos Aires, Artigas declared war on Buenos Aires while he was losing to the Portuguese.

On February 1, 1820, Federal League governors Francisco Ramírez of Entre Ríos and Estanislao López of Santa Fe, defeated a Supreme Directorship diminished army, ending the centralized government of the United Provinces, and established a federal agreement with Buenos Aires Province. Similarly, the Federal League effectively came to an end when its constituent provinces rejoined the United Provinces.

Artigas, defeated by the Portuguese, retreated to Entre Ríos. From there, he denounced the Treaty of Pilar and entered into conflict with his former ally governor Ramírez, who crushed the remnants of Artigas' army. The former Protector of the Free Peoples was exiled in Paraguay until his death. The Eastern Province was annexed by Portugal to its Brazilian dependences in 1821.

Anarchy of the year XX

First presidency

War with Brazil and Independence of Uruguay

Resumption of the Civil War

Break up of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

The result of the wars was the independence of the provinces. Several new nations appeared, there were:

Bolivia

Five provinces would go on to become Bolivia: Charcas, Cochabamba, Mizque, Chichas, and Tarija.

Uruguay

The Eastern Province (Provincia Oriental) became independent as Uruguay as a consequence of the treaty of Montevideo, partly retaining its old name in its official name: the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. Due to the text of the aforementioned treaty, United Provinces and Imperial Brazil both renounced their claims to the province and agreed to grant it independence, but the treaty did not include nor ask the Orientals' opinion, and also omitted to detail the borders of the new state what would give Brazil a chance to move its borders further south. The Constitutional Assembly approved the Constitution of Uruguay on 10 September 1829 and it was sworn by the citizens on 18 July 1830.^[7]

Brazil

Misiones Orientales, after years of Portuguese domain, were recovered with the 1828 Campaign of Fructuoso Rivera at the Misiones Orientales, but it was de jure recognized as Brazilian, following the outcome of the Cisplatine War.

Argentina

Following a long civil war, the following provinces joined to become the Argentine Republic: Buenos Aires (The outpost of Carmen de Patagones in Patagonia is now part of Buenos Aires Province), Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, and Tucumán.

References

^ Crow 1992, p. 457: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."; Kopka 2011, p. 5: "The sun's features are those of Inti, the Incan sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."
^ Roca, Eduardo (1999). América en el ordenamiento jurídico de las Cortes de Cádiz (in Spanish). p. 32.
^ Casajús (2012). España y América en el Bicentenario de las Independencias. p. 35.
^ The Constitution: "Art. 35. – Las denominaciones adoptadas sucesivamente desde 1810 hasta el presente, a saber: Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata; República Argentina, Confederación Argentina, serán en adelante nombres oficiales indistintamente para la designación del Gobierno y territorio de las provincias, empleándose las palabras 'Nación Argentina' en la formación y sanción de las leyes."
("Article 35. The denominations successively adopted from 1810 to the present – United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and Argentine Republic, Argentine Confederation – shall henceforth be interchangeable official names to describe the Government and territory of the provinces. The phrase 'Argentine Nation' is used for the formulation and the enactment of laws.")
^ Brué, Adrien-Hubert (1821), Carte physique et politique de l'Amérique méridionale : Physical and political map of South America (in French), Goujon, OCLC 494185362
^ ^a ^b Ternavasio, Marcela; Luis Alberto Romero (2007). Gobernar la Revolución. Buenos Aires: Siglo veintiuno editores. ISBN 978-987-1220-96-0.
^ Frega, Ana (2012). "SOBERANÍA Y ORDEN EN LA BANDA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY. ESPACIOS DE FRONTERA Y TIEMPOS DE REVOLUCIÓN". In Annino, Antonio; Ternavasio, Marcela (eds.). El laboratorio constitucional iberoamericano: 1807/1808-1830 (in Spanish). Spain: AHILA / Iberoamericana / Vervuert. pp. 237–260. doi:10.31819/9783865279996-013. ISBN 9783865279996.

^ Between 1820 and 1826, the United Provinces functioned as a loose alliance of autonomous provinces put together by pacts and treaties (see Treaty of Pilar, Treaty of Benegas, Quadrilateral Treaty), but lacking any actual central government until the 1825 Constitutional Congress.

Bibliography

Símbolos Nacionales de la República Argentina ISBN 950-691-036-7

34°40′00″S 58°24′00″W / 34.6667°S 58.4000°W / -34.6667; -58.4000

[FOOTNOTECrow1992457Kopka20115-1] Crow 1992, p. 457: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."; Kopka 2011, p. 5: "The sun's features are those of Inti, the Incan sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."

[3] Roca, Eduardo (1999). América en el ordenamiento jurídico de las Cortes de Cádiz (in Spanish). p. 32.

[4] Casajús (2012). España y América en el Bicentenario de las Independencias. p. 35.

[5] The Constitution: "Art. 35. – Las denominaciones adoptadas sucesivamente desde 1810 hasta el presente, a saber: Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata; República Argentina, Confederación Argentina, serán en adelante nombres oficiales indistintamente para la designación del Gobierno y territorio de las provincias, empleándose las palabras 'Nación Argentina' en la formación y sanción de las leyes."
("Article 35. The denominations successively adopted from 1810 to the present – United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and Argentine Republic, Argentine Confederation – shall henceforth be interchangeable official names to describe the Government and territory of the provinces. The phrase 'Argentine Nation' is used for the formulation and the enactment of laws.")

[6] Brué, Adrien-Hubert (1821), Carte physique et politique de l'Amérique méridionale : Physical and political map of South America (in French), Goujon, OCLC 494185362

[ternavasio2007-7] Ternavasio, Marcela; Luis Alberto Romero (2007). Gobernar la Revolución. Buenos Aires: Siglo veintiuno editores. ISBN 978-987-1220-96-0.

[8] Frega, Ana (2012). "SOBERANÍA Y ORDEN EN LA BANDA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY. ESPACIOS DE FRONTERA Y TIEMPOS DE REVOLUCIÓN". In Annino, Antonio; Ternavasio, Marcela (eds.). El laboratorio constitucional iberoamericano: 1807/1808-1830 (in Spanish). Spain: AHILA / Iberoamericana / Vervuert. pp. 237–260. doi:10.31819/9783865279996-013. ISBN 9783865279996.

[2] Between 1820 and 1826, the United Provinces functioned as a loose alliance of autonomous provinces put together by pacts and treaties (see Treaty of Pilar, Treaty of Benegas, Quadrilateral Treaty), but lacking any actual central government until the 1825 Constitutional Congress.

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