Infrastructure
editTransport
editThe aggregate length of roadways in India is 4,236,000 kilometres (2,632,000 mi).[1] The National Highways Network of India, maintained by the central government, is 70,934 kilometres (44,076 mi); state highways constitute 154,522 kilometres (96,016 mi).[1] The share of road traffic in total traffic has grown from 13.8 per cent of freight traffic and 15.4 per cent of passenger traffic in 1950-51, to an estimated 60 per cent of freight traffic and 87 per cent of passenger traffic by the end of 2005-06.[1]
Indian Railways is a public sector undertaking, and maintains a railway network of 64,460 kilometres (40,050 mi),[2] the fourth largest in the world. Suburban rail, often called "local train", is the major form of commuting in many large cities, such as Mumbai and Kolkata.
Health care
editEducation
editPower
editMedia and communication
editTelevision broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication, and had slow expansion for more than two decades.[3] The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in 1990s and, since then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.[4] Today, television is the most penetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers, 462 million with satellite and/or cable connections, compared to other forms of mass media such as press (350 million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).[5]
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b c Ministry of Road Transport 2011.
- ^ Ministry of Railways 2011.
- ^ Kaminsky & Long 2011, pp. 684–692.
- ^ Mehta 2008, pp. 1–10.
- ^ Media Research Users Council 2012.
References
edit- Annual Report 2010–11 (PDF), Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, p. 1, retrieved 3 April 2013
- Indian Railways Yearbook 2010–11 (PDF), Ministry of Railways, Government of India, p. 3, retrieved 3 April 2013
- "Indian Readership Survey 2012 Q1 : Topline Findings" (PDF). Media Research Users Council. Growth: Literacy & Media Consumption. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
- Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (30 September 2011), India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3, retrieved 12 September 2012
- Mehta, Nalin (30 July 2008), Television in India: Satellites, Politics and Cultural Change, Taylor & Francis US, ISBN 978-0-415-44759-1, retrieved 12 September 2012