String Quartets, Op. 18 (Beethoven)
Ludwig van Beethoven's Op. 18, published in 1801 by T. Mollo et Comp in Vienna in two books of three quartets each,[1] comprised his first six string quartets. They were composed between 1798 and 1800 to fulfill a commission for Prince Joseph Franz Maximilian Lobkowitz, who was the employer of Beethoven's friend, the violinist Karl Amenda. They are thought to demonstrate his total mastery of the classical string quartet as developed by Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.[2] The order of publication (numbering within the opus) does not correspond to the order of composition. Beethoven composed these quartets in the sequence 3, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6. See:
- String Quartet No. 1 in F major
- String Quartet No. 2 in G major
- String Quartet No. 3 in D major
- String Quartet No. 4 in C minor
- String Quartet No. 5 in A major
- String Quartet No. 6 in B♭ major
In an April 1802 letter to Hofmeister in Leipzig, Beethoven says the Mollo edition of nos. 4-6 is error-ridden ("has again, let us say, filled with faults and errata, great and small"),[3] and Kerman[1] makes a similar comment, leaving one to conclude that the poor Mollo edition of nos. 4-6, which incited private protests from the composer, may also be the best existing primary source for those three works, unless manuscripts or sketches for them have been discovered. This applies to nos. 4-6; the situation for no. 1, especially, is different, since an entire earlier version has been preserved, published and even recorded.[4] While the overall set is less critically acclaimed than the "Razumovsky" quartets and the late quartets,[5] op. 18, no. 1 has been perennially admired.[6] It is noted for its unity, with 131 iterations of the opening motive in its 427 measures (by A. B. Marx's count).[7]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Kerman, Joseph (1967). The Beethoven Quartets. New York: Knopf.
- ^ "Beethoven's String Quartets". All about Beethoven. Archived from the original on January 19, 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Beethoven's Letters, p. 28, at Google Books. (1926 edition, Dent/Shedlock/Kalischer editing/translating.) "again" means, as Kerman corroborates in his discussion of the quartets, that this is a reference to the 2nd book - nos. 4-6 - not necessarily all six quartets, despite the editors' footnote in this edition of his letters.
- ^ However, the early version of no. 1 - an autograph copy sent to, and kept by, Karl Amenda before Beethoven gave the quartet a thorough overhaul - is little-known and has been recorded, as of July 2014, less than six times.
- ^ Kinderman, William (2010). The String Quartets of Beethoven. University of Illinois Press. p. 13. ISBN 0252091620.
- ^ Kerman, Joseph (1979). The Beethoven Quartets. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 30. ISBN 0393009092.
- ^ Zbikowski 2002, 177–198, quoting A. B. Marx's Ludwig van Beethoven: Leben und Schaffen, 6th ed., ed. Gustav Behncke, (Berlin: Otto Janke, 1908): 203.
Bibliography
edit- Zbikowski, Lawrence M. 2002. Conceptualizing Music: Cognitive Structure, Theory, and Analysis. American Musicological Society Studies in Music Series, gen. ed. Lawrence F. Bernstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514023-1 (hbk).
- Vernon, David. Beethoven: The String Quartets. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press, 2023. ISBN 978-1739659929.