The Southern Tiwa language is a Tanoan language spoken at Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico and Ysleta del Sur in Texas.
| Southern Tiwa | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States |
| Region | New Mexico |
| Ethnicity | Tiwa |
Native speakers | 1,600, mostly older adults (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tix |
| Glottolog | sout2961 |
| ELP | Southern Tiwa |
| Linguasphere | 64-CAA-b |
 Southern Tiwa is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Genealogical relations
editSouthern Tiwa belongs to the Tiwa sub-grouping of the Kiowa–Tanoan language family. It is closely related to the more northernly Picurís (spoken at Picuris Pueblo) and Taos (spoken at Taos Pueblo). Trager stated that Southern Tiwa speakers were able to understand Taos and Picurís, although Taos and Picurís speakers could not understand Southern Tiwa very easily. Harrington (1910) observed that an Isleta person (Southern Tiwa) communicated in "Mexican jargon" with Taos speakers as Taos and Southern Tiwa were not mutually intelligible.
Language variation
editSouthern Tiwa had three dialectal variants
- Sandía
- Isleta
- Ysleta del Sur (Tigua)
Trager reported that Sandía and Isleta were very similar and mutually intelligible.
In August 2015, it was announced that the Tiwa language would be taught to children at Isleta Elementary School in Pueblo of Isleta, as a part of the school's transfer from federal to tribal control.[2]
Sound system
editSouthern Tiwa has 29 consonants:
Stops /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ and /b, d/ may be fricated in different positions as [f, θ, x] and [β, ð] respectively.Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal plain lateral plain lab. plain lab. Plosive voiced b d ɡ voiceless p t k kʷ ʔ aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ glottalized pʼ tʼ kʼ kʼʷ Affricate voiceless tʃ glottalized tʃʼ Fricative f s ɬ ʃ h hʷ Rhotic ɾ Nasal m n Approximant w l j
- /ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r] and a retroflex [ɽ].
Southern Tiwa has five vowels that have both an oral and nasal contrast.
Sounds /i, ɨ, u, ɑ/ may also be heard as [ɪ, ɯ, ʊ, a].Vowels Front Central Back oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal High i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ Mid ɛ ɛ̃ Low ɑ ɑ̃
Southern Tiwa has three tones: high, mid, and low.
References
edit- ^ Southern Tiwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Boetel, Ryan (August 2, 2015). "A new beginning for education at Isleta Pueblo". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
Bibliography
edit- Allen, Barbara J. (1978). Goal advancement in Southern Tiwa. SIL working papers (No. 22). Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota.
- Allen, Barbara J.; & Frantz, Donald G. (1978). Verb agreement in Southern Tiwa. In Proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (pp. 11–17).
- Allen, Barbara J.; & Frantz, Donald G. (1983). An impersonal passive in Southern Tiwa. SIL working papers (No. 25). Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota.
- Allen, Barbara J.; Frantz, Donald G.; & Gardiner, Donna B. (1981). Phantom arcs in Southern Tiwa. SIL working papers (No. 27). Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota.
- Allen, Barbara J.; & Gardiner, Donna B. (1981). Passive in Southern Tiwa. In Proceedings of the ninth annual Southwestern Areal Language and Linguistic Workshop.
- Allen, Barbara J.; Gardiner, Donna B.; & Frantz, Donald G. (1984). Noun incorporation in Southern Tiwa. International Journal of American Linguistics, 50 (3), 292-311.
- Brandt, Elizabeth. (1970). Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico: A linguistics and ethnolinguistic investigation. (Doctoral dissertation, Southern Methodist University).
- Brandt, Elizabeth. (1970). On the origins of linguistic stratification: The Sandia case. Anthropological Linguistics, 12 (2), 46-50.
- Gardiner, Donna. (1977). Embedded questions in Southern Tiwa. (Master's thesis, University of North Dakota).
- Gatschet, Albert. (1891). A mythic tale of the Isleta Indians, New Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 29, 208-218.
- Harrington, J. P. (1909). Notes on the Piro language. American Anthropologist, 11 (4), 563-594.
- Leap, William L. (1970). The language of Isleta, New Mexico. (Doctoral dissertation, Southern Methodist University).
- Leap, William L. (1970). Tiwa noun class semology: A historical view. Anthropological Linguistics, 12 (2), 38-45.
- Lummis, C. (1910). Pueblo Indian folk stories. New York: The Century Co.
- Sutton, Logan D. (2014). Kiowa-Tanoan: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
- Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages. Studies in Linguistics, 1 (5), 1-10.
- Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages. American Anthropologist, 45 (1), 557-571.
- Trager, George L. (1946). An outline of Taos grammar. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America (pp. 184–221). New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
- Yumitani, Yukihiro. (1987). A Comparative Sketch of Pueblo Languages: Phonology, Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 12, 135-139.
External links
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