Macro-Somali languages

The Macro-Somali or Somaloid languages, or (in the conception of Bernd Heine, who does not include Baiso) Sam languages, are a branch of the Lowland East Cushitic languages. They are spoken in Somalia, Djibouti, eastern Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. The most widely spoken member is Somali.

Macro-Somali
Somaloid
Geographic distribution	Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya
Linguistic classification	Afro-Asiatic Cushitic Lowland East Macro-Somali
Subdivisions	Somali Maay Maay Dabarre Jiiddu Girirra Garre Tunni
Language codes
Glottolog	east2653

Languages

Heine, 1978

The primary division is between Rendille versus the remaining languages, for which Heine proposes the terms "Eastern Sam" or "Dad". In this proposal, Baiso forms a Northern branch of Omo–Tana.

• Somaloid
  • Rendille
  • Eastern Sam
    • Boni (Aweer)
    • Girirra
    • Somali

Blench, 2006

Within Blench's proposal, the primary division of Macro-Somali is first between Baiso, Sam, and Somali. Then within Sam, the primary split is between Rendille and Aweer. Girirra is left unclassified within Lowland East Cushitic.

• Macro-Somali
  • Bayso
  • Sam
    • Aweer
    • Rendille
  • Somali
    • Ashraaf
      • Lower Shebelle
      • Shingaani
    • Benaadir
      • Northern
        • Abgaal
        • Ajuraan
        • Gaaljacal
      • Southern
        • Bimaal
        • Xamari
    • Digil
      • Dabarre
      • Garre
      • Tunni
    • Jiiddu
    • Maay
      • Buur Hakaba
      • Northern
      • Southern
    • Midgaan?
    • North-Central Somali
      • Darood
      • Lower Juba
      • Northern
    • Yibir?

Sound correspondences

The following sound correspondences hold between Rendille, Aweer and Somali:

Proto-Sam	Rendille	Aweer	Somali	notes
*b	b	b	b
*d	d	d	d
*g	g	k, -g-	g
	dʒ	ʃ	dʒ ⟨j⟩	Before the vowel *i (palatalization).
*t	t	t, -d-	t, -d-
*c	tʃ	ʃ, -y-	ʃ ⟨sh⟩, -j- ⟨y⟩
*k	k	k, -g-	k, -g-
		ʃ		Before the vowel *i.
*ɗ	ɖ	ɗ, -r-	ɖ ⟨dh⟩	Continues Proto-East Cushitic implosive *ɗ.
*q	x	ʔ	q	Continues Proto-East Cushitic ejective *kʼ.
*f	f	f	f
*s	s	s	s
*ħ	ħ	ħ, -h-	ħ ⟨x⟩
*h	h, -ħ-	h	h
*z	j	d	d
*ʕ	ħ	ʔ	ʕ ⟨c⟩
*ʔ	ħ	ʔ	lost
*m	m	m, -n	m, -n
*n	n	n	n
*l	l	l	l
*r	r	r	r
*w	w	w	w, -b-
*j	j	j	j ⟨y⟩

The Eastern Sam or Dad group is characterized by the following four changes:

• The voiceless stops *t, *c, *k became voiced *d, *j, *g when following a vowel.
• Elsewhere, *c becomes a fricative *ʃ.
• *z > *d.
• *m > *n at the end of a word.

In Boni, several consonant clusters simplify:

• *mb, *nɗ, *ng > m, n, ŋ
• *ns > s
• *ng before *i > *ndʒ > *nʃ > ʃ

References

• Heine, Berndt (December 1978). Hetzron, Robert; Schuh, Russell G. (eds.). "The Sam Languages. A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali". Afro-Asiatic Linguistics. Monographic Journals of the Near East. 6 (2). Malibu: Undena Publications. hdl:2307/858.