Wikipedia

Left-wing populism

(Redirected from Socialist populism)

Left-wing populism, also called social populism, is a political ideology that combines left-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric often includes elements of anti-elitism, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking for the "common people".[1] Recurring themes for left-wing populists include economic democracy, social justice, and skepticism of globalization. Socialist theory plays a lesser role than in traditional left-wing ideologies.[2][3]

An Occupy Wall Street sign with the 99% slogan, a left-wing populist movement.

Criticism of capitalism and globalization is also linked to unpopular United States military operations, especially those in the Middle East.[4] It is considered that the populist left does not exclude others horizontally and relies on egalitarian ideals.[1] Some scholars also speak of nationalist left-wing populist movements, a feature exhibited by the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua or the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela. Unlike exclusionary or right-wing populism, left-wing populist parties are generally supportive of minority rights,[5][6] as well as to an idea of nationality that is not delimited by cultural or ethnic particularisms.[7] Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, self-described democratic socialists, are examples of modern left-wing populist politicians in the United States.[8][9][10][11] With the rise of Syriza and Podemos during the European debt crisis, there has been increased debate on new left-wing populism in Europe.[12][13]

Traditionally, left-wing populism has been associated with the socialist movement; since the 2010s, there has been a movement close to left-wing populism in the left-liberal camp,[14][15][16][17] some of which are considered social democratic positions.[18][19] Left-liberal economic populism appealing to the working class has been prominent in some countries, such as with Joe Biden of United States and Lee Jae-myung of South Korea, in the 2020s, where liberal and conservative parties are the main two parties.[20]

By country

edit

Africa

edit

Burkina Faso

edit
Main article: Sankarism

Egypt

edit
Main article: Nasserism

Ghana

edit
Main article: Nkrumaism

Libya

edit
Main article: Gaddafi loyalism

Nigeria

edit

Peter Obi, a businessman and outsider politician running with the Labour Party in the 2023 Nigerian presidential election, was seen as a populist politician, gaining the support of much of Nigeria's youth. Before running for President, Obi took part in the End SARS movement, which sought to disband Nigeria's Special Anti-Robbery Squad, or SARS due to its connection to the criminal underworld and its excessive use of force. SARS was disbanded in 2020. Obi's presidential campaign in 2022 and 2023 constantly ran on issues such as economic development, fighting corruption, moving beyond ethnic politics, which have dominated Nigeria going back to its founding, and promoting criminal justice reform. Obi sought to challenge the traditional two-party system, led by the centrist and Buharist All Progressives Congress on one side, and the center-right, nationalist, and conservative-liberal Peoples Democratic Party.

South Africa

edit

Julius Malema, the former leader of the African National Congress Youth League, broke away from the center-left African National Congress to form the Economic Freedom Fighters. The EFF are notable for their extreme black nationalism, which includes anti-Asian racism, anti-White racism, and antisemitism.[21] This also includes radical economic reforms inspired by Marxism-Leninism, including land reform without compensation. The EFF is also extremely anti-West, to the point of actively trying to support Russian imperialism in Ukraine and Chinese imperialism within Africa itself. However, unlike many similar left-wing populist parties that have a hard-right approach to race, the EFF is not socially conservative. In fact, voters for the EFF are the mostly likely of all voters in South Africa to support same-sex marriage, which has been legal since 2006.

In the run-up to the 2024 South African general election, former president Jacob Zuma has formed his own political party, uMkhonto we Sizwe. Named after the former paramilitary wing of the ANC of the same name, Zuma has been trying to position himself as supporting a more legitimate version of the ANC. MK, as Zuma's party is also known, calls for deporting illegal immigrants to South Africa, land reform without compensation, and opposition to same-sex marriage.

Tanzania

edit
Main article: Ujamaa

Uganda

edit
Main article: Move to the Left

Zimbabwe

edit

Former dictator Robert Mugabe and his ZANU–PF party are seen as populist by many observers. Mugabe's ideology combined African nationalism with socialist economics and a broad-based appeal to the people. The most notably policies of ZANU–PF are their land reforms.

Americas

edit

Argentina

edit
 
 
Néstor Kirchner (left) and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) served as Presidents of Argentina from 2003–2007 and 2007–2015.
Main article: Kirchnerism

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015) and her husband Néstor Kirchner were said to practice Kirchnerism, a variant of Peronism that was often mentioned alongside other Pink tide governments in Latin America. During Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's time in office, she spoke against certain free trade agreements, such as the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas. Her administration was characterized by tax increases, especially on agricultural exports during the late 2000s commodities boom, Argentina's main export, in order to fund social programs such as the PROGRESAR university scholarships, the universal allocation per child subsidy (commonly referred to as AUH in Argentina, Asignación Universal por Hijo), a means-tested benefit to families with children who qualified for the subsidy, and progressive social reforms such as the recognition of same-sex marriage.

Bolivia

edit

The leadership of Siles Zuazo practised left-wing populism[22] as well as that of former socialist President Evo Morales.[23]

Brazil

edit
Main article: Lulism

Lulism is a pragmatic centre-left ideology to the extent that it is called "socialist neoliberalism",[24] but it appeals to a progressive, common-class image and also has populist elements in terms of popular mobilization.[25]

Ecuador

edit

Rafael Correa, the former President of Ecuador, has stressed the importance of a "populist discourse" and has integrated technocrats to work within this context for the common Ecuadorians. Correa has blamed foreign non-governmental organizations for exploiting the indigenous people in the conflict between the indigenous peoples and the government.[26][27][28]

Mexico

edit
 
Andrés Manuel López Obrador in 2018

Former President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (or AMLO for short), and his party, the Morena, are considered left-wing populist in nature.[29] AMLO has been a politician in Mexico for over three decades. He has been described as many different things, including centre-left, progressive, a left-wing populist, social democratic, and economically nationalist.

United States

edit
 
Bernie Sanders in 2020
See also: Congressional Progressive Caucus, Democratic Socialists of America, and Justice Democrats

The People's Party (United States), commonly known as the Populists, was an economically liberal movement, primarily agrarian in nature. They cast themselves in opposition to big business, particularly the railroads, and the political establishment controlled by them. It advocated for government intervention in the economy, such as the government ownership of railroads.[30][31]

Huey Long, the Great Depression-era Governor-turned-Senator of Louisiana, was one of the first modern American left-wing populists in the United States. He advocated for wealth redistribution under his Share Our Wealth plan, which had its roots in the classical left-wing populist movement of Jacksonian democracy,[32] which is related to the radical movement.[33][34][35]

Meanwhile, Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, self-described democratic socialists, are examples of modern left-wing populist politicians.[8][9][10][11] Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez's populist message tend to place the people in opposition to big business and the very wealthy. Ocasio-Cortez's Democratic primary victory over the establishment Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley, a 10-term incumbent, was widely seen as the biggest upset victory in the 2018 midterm election primaries. The Nation magazine described Ocasio-Cortez as a "new rock star" who was "storming the country on behalf of insurgent populists."[36] Elizabeth Warren is also mentioned as a representative left-wing or liberal populist,[16][17][37] and Warren is sometimes evaluated as a social democrat.[18][19][38] Joe Biden is usually classified as a political moderate, but his economic policies occasionally have attracted the populist moniker.[39]

Venezuela

edit
Main article: Chavismo

The presidency of Hugo Chávez resembled a combination of folk wisdom and charismatic leadership with doctrinaire socialism.[23] Chávez was often rather fond of conspiracy theories, especially those which portrayed America as an evil actor in the world out to get Venezuela and the developing world. Anti-Americanism was crucial to Chávez's populism, even though Venezuela's history is somewhat unique compared to the rest of Latin America. During the Cold War, Venezuela both had a democratically elected socialist president and good relations with the United States. Nonetheless, this did not deter Chávez from using anti-Americanism to distract from his regime's economic incompetence, especially when it came to managing inflation.

Asia

edit

Israel

edit
Main articles: 2011 Israeli social justice protests and 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests

Stav Shaffir is a politician who was traditionally associetate with the more left-wing and populistic elements of Israeli politics, especially issues of environmentalism, social justice, and a strongly pro-peace stance to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. She initially got her start in Israeli politics as one of the three leaders, alongside Daphni Leef and Itzik Shmuli, of the 2011 social justice protests. Shaffir became particularly well known for her debate with Likud MK Miri Regev over housing prices on the Israeli television program Erev Hadash. She would go on to discuss the protest movement on tours to the United States, alongside pro-peace Labor Zionist Amos Oz, serving as a keynote speaker for Jewish-American organizations like JStreet.

In 2012, Shaffir joined the Israeli Labor Party. She became a member of the Israeli Knesset after the 2013 Israeli legislative election. She worked with the socially liberal, secular, and liberal Zionist party Hatnua, eventually forming the Zionist Union, which would also run in the 2015 Israeli legislative election. By that time, however, she had left and become the leader of the Green Movement, later renamed to the Green Party in 2019. For the September 2019 Israeli legislative election, Shaffir organized various parties together to form the Democratic Union coalition. However, after the 2020 Israeli legislative election, Shaffir lost her seat. During her tenure as MK from 2013 to 2020, Shaffir worked on issued from social justice to transferring settlements, and from government transparency efforts to LGBT rights.

Yesh Atid is a radical centrist or liberal party. In Israeli politics, "liberal" is not particularly a concept that is distinguished by left or right, but Yesh Atid is evaluated that it has a left-wing populist element in part. They criticize elitism that causes political corruption and demand a position on material redistribution.[14] However, Yesh Atid has an element of economic liberalism simultaneously.[40]

Former Aluf in the IDF Yair Golan has promoted views supporting Leftist Zionism, a two-state solution with Israel keeping the settlement blocs, full separation of synagogue and state as well as ending the marriage monopoly by the Chief Rabbinate, opposing corruption, supporting the 2023 judicial reform protests, supporting LGBTQ+ rights, and creating a fairer economy for all Israelis.

 
Tarō Yamamoto in 2020. He is mentioned as a (left-wing) liberal-populist.

Japan

edit

Reiwa Shinsengumi, led by Tarō Yamamoto, is a representative Japanese left-wing populist movement. While he and his party use anti-established rhetoric, they are sometimes called "liberal populist". According to experts, Yamamoto uses a simple message to spotlight single individuals left behind, including people struggling with poverty or non-permanent employment, who used to devote themselves to radical conservatism.[15]

Reiwa Shinsengumi is also called a "progressive populist", because they are not rooted in the traditional Japanese socialist or Labor movement, but are culturally and economically progressive, representing marginalized young people and minorities.[41][42]

South Korea

edit

South Korea's leftist political party, the Progressive Party, advocates direct democracy, anti-neoliberalism and anti-imperialism. They support a national liberalist foreign policy hostile to Japan.

Lee Jae-myung, one of DPK's major politicians, has been mentioned as a "populist" in some media outlets.[43][44][45] Lee Jae-myung pledged to implement the world's first universal basic income system if elected in the 2022 South Korean presidential election but said he would not pay for it if the people opposed it.[46][47] South Korea's right-wing politician Hong Joon-pyo saw Lee Jae-myung in September 2021 and accused him of being "Chávez of Gyeonggi Province".[48] However, there is controversy in South Korea as to whether Lee Jae-myung can be viewed as a "left-wing populist" in the context of the United States or Europe. He once said he was "conservative" and suggested policies far from general left-wing populism in the United States and Europe, partially insisting on economic liberal policies such as deregulating companies on some issues.[49][50] In addition, he showed a somewhat conservative tendency on some social agendas.[51] In addition, Kim Hyun-jong, the head of the International Trade Special Division at the Lee Jae-myung Camp, met with Henry Kissinger, and Henry Kissinger gave Lee Jae-myung a handwritten autograph called "Good wishes".[52] In addition, Lee Jae-myung's political orientation was somewhat ambiguous, so conservative journalist Dong-A Ilbo denied that he was a left-wing politician, while South Korea's far-left organization Workers' Solidarity evaluated him as a social democratic. (However, another South Korean left-wing undongkwon group denied that Lee Jae-myung is not a social democratic.)[53][54][55] Lee is also a staunch supporter of free trade, unlike ordinary economic populists.[56]

Europe

edit

France

edit
 
Jean-Luc Mélenchon, founder and leader of La France Insoumise

France has a long tradition of left-wing populism. During the French Revolution, the Hébertists, founded by Jacques Hébert in 1791, were a radical faction within the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a jacobin group leading France during the Reign of Terror.[57] They were most known for their militant opposition to the more moderate leadership of Georges Danton and supported decristianization.[57] They were also supportive of sending Louis XVI to the guillotine.[57] Eventually, the Committee of Public Safety threatening, eventually charging Hébert with conspiracy and sending him to the guillotine.[57]

In the modern day, La France Insoumise, or "France Unbowed" is a left-wing populist, democratic socialist, and eco-socialist party.[58] The party is led by its founder, the populist firebrand Jean-Luc Mélenchon.[59]

Germany

edit
See also: Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht

The Party of Democratic Socialism was explicitly studied under left-wing populism, especially by German academics.[60] The party was formed after the reunification of Germany, and it was similar to right-wing populists in that it relied on anti-elitism and media attention provided by charismatic leadership.[61] The party competed for the same voter base with the right-wing populists to some extent, although it relied on a more serious platform in Eastern Germany. This was limited by anti-immigration sentiments preferred by some voters, although the lines were, for example, crossed by Oskar Lafontaine, who used a term previously associated with the Nazi Party, Fremdarbeiter ("foreign workers"), in his election campaign in 2005.[61] The PDS merged into the Left Party in 2007.[62] The Left Party is also viewed as a left-wing populist party,[63] but it is not the basis of the party as a whole.

Greece

edit
 
Alexis Tsipras of the Greek Syriza party

Syriza, which became the largest party since January 2015 elections, has been described as a left-wing populist party after its platform incorporated most demands of the popular movements in Greece during the government-debt crisis. Populist traits in Syriza's platform include the growing importance of "the People" in their rhetoric and "us/the people against them/the establishment" antagonism in campaigning. On immigration and LGBT rights, Syriza is inclusionary. Syriza itself does not accept the label "populist".[64][65]

Ireland

edit

Sinn Féin is generally considered an Irish republican, Irish nationalist, democratic socialist, and left-leaning populist political party.

Italy

edit
 
Beppe Grillo, founder of the M5S, generally considered a big tent populist party with some left-wing tendencies

The Italian Five Star Movement (M5S), which became the largest party in the 2018 general election, has often been described as a big tent populist party,[66][67] but sometimes also as a left-wing populist movement;[68] the "five stars", which are a reference to five critical issues for the party, are public water, sustainable transport, sustainable development, right to Internet access, and environmentalism, typical proposals of left-wing populist parties.[69] However, despite its background in left-wing politics, the M5S has often expressed right-wing views on immigration.[70]

In September 2019, the M5S formed a government with the centre-left Democratic Party (PD) and the left-wing Free and Equal (LeU), with Giuseppe Conte at its head.[71][72] The government has been sometimes referred to as a left-wing populist cabinet.[73]

Netherlands

edit

The Socialist Party has run a left-wing populist platform after dropping its communist course in 1991.[74] Although some have pointed out that the party has become less populist over the years, it still includes anti-elitism in its recent election manifestos.[75] It opposes what it sees as the European superstate.

Romania

edit
 
From the left to the right: Liviu Dragnea, Victor Ponta and Ion Iliescu

Since its foundation, the Social Democratic Party (PSD) has been described as left-wing populist and left-wing nationalist.[76][77][78] Political analyst Radu Magdin described the PSD as a big tent catch-all pragmatic party with a strong populist rhetoric.[79] Under the leadership of Victor Ponta and Liviu Dragnea, PSD was also sovereigntist.[80]

Spain

edit
 
Pablo Iglesias, leader of Podemos

The left-wing populist party Podemos achieved 8% of the national vote in the 2014 European Parliament election. Due to avoiding nativist language typical of right-wing populists, Podemos can attract left-wing voters disappointed with the political establishment without taking sides in the regional political struggle.[81] In the 2015 election for the national parliament, Podemos reached 20.65% of the vote and became the third largest party in the parliament after the conservative People's Party with 28.71% and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party with 22.02%. In the new parliament, Podemos holds 69 out of 350 seats, which has resulted in the end of the traditional two-party system in Spain.[82] In a November 2018 interview with Jacobin, Íñigo Errejón argues that Podemos requires a new "national-popular" strategy to win more elections.[83]

Ukraine

edit

During the 1917 elections for the Russian Constituent Assembly, the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, a Ukrainian nationalist and agrarian socialist party inspired by the Narodniks, ran and won almost every region in Ukraine. The Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries supported the Ukrainian People's Republic during the Ukrainian War of Independence. They also opposed Bolshevik occupation of Ukraine during the Ukrainian-Soviet War. The Socialist-Revolutionaries also rebelled against Ukrainian reactionary Hetmanates taking over their country.[84]

In contemporary Ukrainian politics, the Radical Party of Oleh Liashko is generally speaking considered a left-wing populist party with anti-oligarch and left-wing nationalist stances.[85] The party is also considered social democratic, and supports Ukraine's ascension into NATO and the European Union to stave off Russian imperialism.[86] Since Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Oleh Liashko, the party's leader and namesake, joined the Ukrainian Armed Forces to fight against Russia's colonialist invasion of his country, earning the nickname "Beast."[87][88]

Not all Ukrainian left-wing populists oppose Russian imperial domination over their country, however. In 1993, the Communist Party of Ukraine was founded by Petro Symonenko, a former apparatchik of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,[89] an imperial province within the Soviet empire consisting of modern-day Ukraine. Generally, the party is not considered a new party, but rather a continuation of the Soviet-era Communist Party of Ukraine,[90] the same one which oversaw the implementation of the Holodomor.[91][92] The party primarily opposed decommunization laws, and usually is considered not really communist but rather a kind of conservative pro-Russian party that likes the aesthetic of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union. In this sense, it isn't radically different from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and the degree to which the CPU got its barking orders from the CPRF is somewhat disputed.[93] Following the Revolution of Dignity, the Communist Party of Ukraine lost popular support due to its pro-Yanukovych stance, especially after it voted for the anti-protest laws, which were universally seen as a major step in democratic backsliding.[94] The role of the Communist Party of Ukraine in financing Donbass separatist movements and the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republic has been questionable at best, with credible reports of the party providing some materiel support to theses terrorists, though this is denied by the CPU.[95] After showing support for Putin following Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Communist Party of Ukraine, alongside other pro-Soviet or pro-Putin political parties, were banned by the Ukrainian government.[96]

Left-wing populist political parties

edit

Active left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions

edit
Main article: List of populists

Represented in national legislatures

edit

Not represented in national legislatures

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Albertazzi and McDonnell. "Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy". Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 123.
  2. ^ Zaslove, Andrej (June 2008). "Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type". European Review. 16 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1017/S1062798708000288. S2CID 145702059.
  3. ^ Roth, Silke (17 April 2018). "Introduction: Contemporary Counter-Movements in the Age of Brexit and Trump". Sociological Research Online. 23 (2): 496–506. doi:10.1177/1360780418768828.
  4. ^ Hartleb, Florian (2004). Rechts- und Linkspopulismus. Eine Fallstudie anhand von Schill-Partei und PDS [Right and left populism. A case study based on Schill Party and PDS] (in German). Wiesbaden. p. 162.
  5. ^ Mudde, C.; Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2013). "Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America". Government and Opposition. 48 (2): 147–174. doi:10.1017/gov.2012.11.
  6. ^ Huber, Robert A.; Schimpf, Christian H. (2017). "On the Distinct Effects of Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism on Democratic Quality". Politics and Governance. 5 (4): 146–165. doi:10.17645/pag.v5i4.919. hdl:20.500.11850/228385. ISSN 2183-2463. First, on average we observe a substantial positive relationship between left-wing populist parties and minority rights, whereas we find negative effects for right-wing populist parties. [...] The most consistent finding across these additional checks is the positive association between left-wing populist parties and minority rights in comparison to right-wing populist parties, particularly in opposition.
  7. ^ Custodi J (2020). "Nationalism and populism on the left: The case of Podemos". Nations and Nationalism. 27 (3): 705–720. doi:10.1111/nana.12663. S2CID 225127425.
  8. ^ a b Sullivan, Sean; Costa, Robert (2 March 2020). "Trump and Sanders lead competing populist movements, reshaping American politics". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  9. ^ a b Ross Coleman, Aaron (22 August 2020). "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and the future of the left". Vox. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  10. ^ a b Lerer, Lisa; W. Herndon, Astead (18 February 2021). "When Ted Cruz and A.O.C. Agree: Yes, the Politics of GameStop Are Confusing". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  11. ^ a b Levitz, Eric (27 June 2018). "Ocasio-Cortez Proved That 'Identity Politics' Is an Asset for Berniecrats". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  12. ^ Mudde, Cas (17 February 2015). "The problem with populism". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  13. ^ Zabala, Santiago (2 December 2014). "In Europe, not all populist parties are the same". AlJazeera. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  14. ^ a b Toril Aalberg; Frank Esser; Carsten Reinemann, eds. (2014). Populist Political Communication in Europe. Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 9781317224747. Indeed, there are some similarities between Yesh Atid and left-wing populist parties. First, the distinction between the "pure people" and the corrupt political establishment, which characterizes left-wing populism (Alonso & Kaltwasser, 2014), also exists in Yesh Atid rhetoric. The same is true for the call for material redistribution, which characterizes both left-wing populism (Alonso & Kaltwasser, 2014) and Yesh Atid.
  15. ^ a b Helen Hardacre; Timothy S. George; Keigo Komamura; Franziska Seraphim, eds. (2021). Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 136. ISBN 9781793609052. Sometimes regarded as a "liberal-populist" party, a new political party, Reiwa Shinsengumi, arose in a "riot" of people who believed they have been marginalized by Japanese capitalism and democracy.26 The party's charismatic leader, ... Yamamoto uses a simple message to spotlight single individuals left behind, including people struggling with poverty or non-permanent employment, who used to devote themselves to radical conservatism.
  16. ^ a b Anthea Roberts; Nicolas Lamp, eds. (2021). Six Faces of Globalization: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why It Matters. Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780674245952. Right- wing populism lives on past Trump's presidency, for instance, just as left- wing populism continued to thrive after Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders conceded the US Democratic primary.
  17. ^ a b "Here's What Elizabeth Warren Looks Like as a Comic Book Hero: Elizabeth Warren, a populist liberal icon, is now a comic book star". ABC News. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  18. ^ a b "Are Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders the same? The debate, explained". Vox. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Warren is a social democrat. Sanders is a democratic socialist. The difference between the two is best explained by how Warren and Sanders convey their skepticism toward capitalism, said Sheri Berman, a political scientist with Barnard College, who has written extensively on the history of the left.
  19. ^ a b "What an Elizabeth Warren Presidency Would Look Like". In These Times. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Sanders, like Warren, clearly appreciates that movements are the motor that drives change, and a Sanders administration, like a Warren administration, would partner with movements to achieve change. Both candidates offer a compelling vision that can inspire people, and both share the goal of orienting America closer to social democracy.
  20. ^ "News Analysis: President Biden's speech to Congress offers a dose of left-leaning economic populism". Los Angeles Times. 29 April 2021.
  21. ^ "Our comment regarding statements by Julius Malema – SA Jewish Board of Deputies". www.sajbd.org.
  22. ^ Mayorga, Rene Antonio (January 1997). "Bolivia's Silent Revolution". Journal of Democracy. 8 (1): 142–156. doi:10.1353/jod.1997.0006. S2CID 154064089.
  23. ^ a b Kirk Andrew Hawkins, Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-76503-9, page 84
  24. ^ Luiz C. Barbosa, ed. (2015). Guardians of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: Environmental Organizations and Development. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 9781317577645. Lula da Silva's form of economic liberalism can be classified as "socialist neoliberalism." This means that one uses the wealth generated by the market to finance social programs to lift people out of poverty.
  25. ^ Armando Boito, ed. (2021). Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil: Class Conflicts in Workers' Party Governments and the Rise of Bolsonaro Neo-fascism. BRILL. p. 75. ISBN 9789004467743. Being a variation of populism, Lulism did not organize its social base, which remained politically dispersed and was kept as a "deposit of votes" for the presidential candidates of the pt.
  26. ^ de la Torre, Carlos (2013). Populismus in Lateinamerika. Zwischen Demokratisierung und Autoritarismus (PDF) (in German). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
  27. ^ Carlos de la Torre (2010). Populist Seduction in Latin America. Ohio University Press. p. 173.
  28. ^ Raúl L. Madrid (2012). The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
  29. ^ Felbab-Brown, Vanda (3 July 2018). "Andrés Manuel López Obrador and a new era of politics in Mexico". Brookings. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  30. ^ Kazin, Michael (22 March 2016). "How Can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Both Be 'Populist'?". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  31. ^ Mansbridge, Jane; Macedo, Stephen (13 October 2019). "Populism and Democratic Theory". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 15 (1): 59–77. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042843. ISSN 1550-3585. S2CID 210355727.
  32. ^ Albert Boime, ed. (2008). Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848-1871. University of Chicago Press. p. 422. ISBN 9780226063423. Mount's mature views on blacks were expressed formally through his affiliation with the Democratic Party, the party of slavery. He opposed both abolition and the left-wing populism generated by Jacksonian ideals.
  33. ^ Sean Patrick Adams, ed. (2013). A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118290835. The truth is that studies of Jacksonian radicalism have been few and far between in the last two decades (just check the dates of the books I have cited), so it is no surprise that very few people know about Paul Brown, William Mathers ...
  34. ^ Eugenio F. Biagini, ed. (2004). Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780521548861. ... which was one of the recurrent themes in European and in particular American radicalism : Jacksonian democrats were ...
  35. ^ Craig Calhoun, ed. (2012). The Roots of Radicalism: Tradition, the Public Sphere, and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Movements. University of Chicago Press. p. 266.
  36. ^ Nichols, John (15 August 2018). "The Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Effect". The Nation. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  37. ^ Cas Mudde, Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, ed. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 60.
  38. ^ "Democratic socialist Bernie Sanders is too far left for Sweden's ruling Social Democrats, official says". The Week. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  39. ^ Wolf, Zachary B. (8 February 2023). "Joe Biden goes full populist as he searches for common ground | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  40. ^ Michael Shamir, ed. (2017). The Elections in Israel 2013. Routledge. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9781351295826.
  41. ^ Robert J. Pekkanen; Steven R. Reed; Daniel M. Smith, eds. (2023). Japan Decides 2021: The Japanese General Election. Springer Nature. p. 65. ISBN 9783031113246. Reiwa Shinsengumi is usually viewed as a progressive populist party.
  42. ^ "Record number of women and LGBTQ election hopefuls run to shake up Japan politics". The Japan Times. 7 July 2022. The candidates include 50-year-old transgender candidate Karen Yoda from the Reiwa Shinsengumi party, whose catchphrase is "Diversity is power," ...
  43. ^ "South Korea's 'Bernie Sanders' touts universal basic income ahead of polls". Financial Times. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  44. ^ Shin, Hyonhee (14 September 2021). "'S.Korea's Bernie Sanders' tops presidential polls with talk of universal basic income". Reuters. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  45. ^ "After Choi-gate". Jacobin magazine. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2021. This allows a populist figure like Lee Jae-myung, mayor of wealthy satellite city Seongnam, to be presented as a progressive presidential candidate, simply because he instituted a minor basic income program and has directly called for President Park's imprisonment.
  46. ^ "이재명 공약 핵심 "세계 최초 기본소득 지급하는 나라"". 11 October 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  47. ^ "이재명 "기본소득, 국민 반대하면 추진 않겠다…그것이 민주주의"". The Chosun Ilbo. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  48. ^ "홍준표 "'경기도 차베스' 이길 야권 주자는 나뿐"". 경기시문. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  49. ^ "이재명 "보수 가치 제대로 서는 나라 만들고 싶어"" [Lee Jae-myung said "I want to create a country where conservative values are properly established".]. Yonhap News Agency. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  50. ^ "이재명 "관료적 규제 없애야...내가 친기업 1등"" [Lee Jae-myeong said, "We need to get rid of bureaucratic regulations ... I'm the number 1 pro-business".]. 머니투데이. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. 이 후보는 이날 서울 중구 대한상공회의소에서 최태원 대한상의 회장과 만나 "창의와 혁신을 가로막는 관료적 규제는 축소하거나 없애야 하는 것"이라면서 "기업은 새로운 아이템 발굴이 자유롭게 이뤄질 수 있도록 해야한다"고 밝혔다. [Candidate Lee met with Choi Tae-won, chairman of the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry, at the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Jung-gu, Seoul, and said "Bureaucratic regulations that hinder creativity and innovation should be reduced or removed", "Companies should be free to discover new items".]
  51. ^ ""이재명의 청년에 여성 자리는 없나": 심상정 "李, 反페미니즘 자처"" [Is there no female position in Lee Jae-myung says "young people"?: Sim Sang-jung said, "Lee (Jae-myung) claims to be anti-feminist".]. The Chosun Ilbo. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  52. ^ "김현종, 헨리 키신저 만났다…이재명에 "행운을 빈다"" [Kim Hyun-jong met Henry Kissinger. ... Henry Kissinger said "good wishes" to Lee Jae-myung.]. MBN 뉴스. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  53. ^ "이재명, '좌파'보다 '박정희'에 가깝다" [Lee Jae-myeong. It's more like "Park Chung-hee" than "Left".]. Dong-A Ilbo. 7 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  54. ^ "이재명은 사회민주주의 정치인이다" [Lee Jae-myung is a social democratic politician.]. Workers' Solidarity. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  55. ^ "학생운동권 "윤석열 지지…진정한 좌파라면 이재명 못찍어"". The Chosun Ilbo. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021. "당신이 진정한 좌파라면 이재명을 '사회민주주의자' 혹은 '개혁의 적임자'로 판단하면 안 된다" ["If you are a true leftist, you should not judge Lee Jae-myung as a 'social democratic' or 'right person for reform'."]
  56. ^ "외신 앞에 선 이재명, '다자외교·자유무역·한반도 평화' 강조". 메트로신문. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  57. ^ a b c d "Hébertist | Jacobinism, Revolutionary, Politics | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
  58. ^ "Parties and Elections in Europe". parties-and-elections.eu.
  59. ^ Sommerland, Joe (20 June 2022). "Who is veteran French socialist Jean-Luc Melenchon?". The Independent.
  60. ^ De Lange, Sarah (December 2005). "Political extremism in Europe". European Political Science. 4 (4): 476–488. doi:10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210056. S2CID 154045990.
  61. ^ a b Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 132.
  62. ^ Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 133.
  63. ^ a b Professor of Politics Michael Keating; Professor David McCrone, eds. (2013). The Crisis of Social Democracy in Europe. Edinburgh University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0748665822.
  64. ^ Stavrakaki, Yannis; Katsambekis, Giorgos (June 2014). "Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA". Journal of Political Ideologies. 19 (2): 119–142. doi:10.1080/13569317.2014.909266. S2CID 143735344.
  65. ^ Katsourides, Yiannos (2016). Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 103ff.
  66. ^ * "Greece 'leaves behind the austerity that ruined it,' party leader vows after vote". CNN. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  67. ^ Donatella M. Viola (2015). "Italy". In Donatella M. Viola (ed.). Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
  68. ^ Italy’s Left-Wing Populists Won’t Stop the Far-Right. They’ll Strengthen It, Foreign Policy
  69. ^ Paolo Gerbaudo (2014). "Populism 2.0: Social media activism, the generic Internet user and interactive direct democracy". In Daniel Trottier; Christian Fuchs (eds.). Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Routledge. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-317-65548-0.
  70. ^ Quando Luigi Di Maio disse che le Ong sono taxi del mare. La polemica con Saviano, Huffington Post
  71. ^ Antonucci, Maria Cristina (21 September 2019). "Da sinistra a destra, Conte fa (bene) il presidentissimo. Analisi di Antonucci". Formiche.net.
  72. ^ "Conte? Campione di trasformismo". www.iltempo.it.
  73. ^ Last ditch effort: Italy's Conte pushes for populist-left wing alliance, EuroNews
  74. ^ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-0333961575.
  75. ^ Otjes, Simon; Louwerse, Tom (2013). "Populists in Parliament: Comparing Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism in the Netherlands". Political Studies. 63: 60–79. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12089. hdl:10.1111/1467-9248.12089. S2CID 145762295.
  76. ^ Bossart, Marco Kauffmann (21 February 2018). "Rumäniens Justiz im Belagerungszustand". Neue Zürcher Zeitung.
  77. ^ "Der stille Anführer".
  78. ^ "2018 budget: Romania's Govt. Plans to increase spending by 12% next year". 4 December 2017.
  79. ^ "Pragmatism is a winner for Romanian Left". 12 December 2016.
  80. ^ https://romania.europalibera.org/a/analiz%C4%83-fragilizarea-democra%C8%9Biei-extremismul-%C8%99i-populismul-pe-cai-mari-%C3%AEn-europa-riscul-aur-pentru-rom%C3%A2nia/32710955.html
  81. ^ Carlos de la Torre (11 December 2014). The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives. University Press of Kentucky. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8131-4687-4.
  82. ^ Entscheidung in Spanien: Konservative sind Wahlsieger, verlieren aber Mehrheit. Spiegel Online, 20 December 2015 (German)
  83. ^ "Rebuilding the Demos".
  84. ^ http://history.franko.lviv.ua/IIIu_3.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  85. ^ "Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options". www.ukrinform.net. 19 July 2019.
  86. ^ "Values, Programmes and Actions: Examining the Ideologies and Legislative Positions of Ukrainian Political Parties". EECMD.
  87. ^ https://x.com/OVLiashko/status/1576842850196951040. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  88. ^ "AD ALTA: Journal Of Interdisciplinary Research (13/01-XXXII.)" (PDF).
  89. ^ "Ukraine declares banned Communist Party leader Symonenko a wanted man". english.nv.ua.
  90. ^ "Статут Комуністичної партії України | КПУ". 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022.
  91. ^ "Holodomor". College of Liberal Arts.
  92. ^ "Holodomor History". National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide. 13 September 2019.
  93. ^ "Ukraine declares banned Communist Party leader Symonenko a wanted man". english.nv.ua.
  94. ^ "Ukraine Communists deny financing terrorism, accuse Security Service chief of lying - Aug. 26, 2014". Kyiv Post. 26 August 2014.
  95. ^ "Ukraine Communists deny financing terrorism, accuse Security Service chief of lying - Aug. 26, 2014". Kyiv Post. 26 August 2014.
  96. ^ "National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine". National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine.
  97. ^ Juan José Cruces (21 February 2016). "El puchero de gallina del populismo kirchnerista" [The chicken pot of the Kirchnerite populism]. La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  98. ^ "South America's New Caudillos". The New York Times. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  99. ^ Eduardo Porter (3 May 2016). "Populist Policies Let Brazil's Tomorrow Slip Away". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  100. ^ Tõnis Saarts. Persistence and decline of political parties: the case of Estonia. East European Politics, 2015, Vol. 31, No. 2. Lk 214
  101. ^ Denis Tugdual (5 April 2013). "Le Pen-Mélenchon: la mode est au langage populiste". L'Express (in French).
  102. ^ Jean-Laurent Cassely (15 April 2013). "Le populisme "vintage" de Jean-Luc Mélenchon, trop élaboré pour être efficace". Slate (in French).
  103. ^ Katsambekis, Giorgos (2014). "Left-wing Populism in the European Periphery: The Case of SYRIZA". Journal of Political Ideologies. 19 (2). academia.edu: 119. doi:10.1080/13569317.2014.909266. S2CID 143735344.
  104. ^ a b Pausch, Robert (4 February 2015). "Populismus oder Extremismus? – Radikale Parteien in Europa". Die Zeit.
  105. ^ Suiter, Jane (2017). "Ireland: The rise of Populism on the Left and Among Independents". In Toril Aalberg; Frank Esser; Carsten Reinemann; Jesper Strömbäck; Claes H. de Vreese (eds.). Populist Political Communication in Europe. New York and London: Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-138-65480-8.
  106. ^ Sì al taglio dei parlamentari, no allo ius culturae: il Pd ha assunto in blocco il verbo populista
  107. ^ Il populismo di sinistra per fermare il populismo di destra non funziona (e non solo in Umbria), Linkiesta
  108. ^ Strippoli, Francesco (2017). "Emiliano, populista inconsapevole".
  109. ^ "Alles ist möglich - onvista". onvista.de. 4 June 2018.
  110. ^ Rüb, Matthias; Rom. "Koalition Fünf Sterne und Lega: Neue Regierung in Italien wird Freitag vereidigt". Faz.net – via www.faz.net.
  111. ^ "Kabinett Conte: Euro-Kritiker Savona (81) wird Europaminister". 31 May 2018.
  112. ^ 石戸諭 (22 July 2019). 山本太郎、れいわ…左派ポピュリズムの衝撃とどう向き合うか？. news.yahoo.co.jp (in Japanese). Yahoo! JAPAN. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  113. ^ Nakamura, Kasane (1 August 2019). "れいわ・山本太郎代表「私はポピュリストです」。羽鳥慎一モーニングショーで左派ポピュリズムとの指摘に宣言。" (in Japanese). HuffPost. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  114. ^ Kamei, Hiroshi (31 July 2019). "れいわ躍進、左派ポピュリズムの日本版 N国も無視できず". AERA dot. (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. p. 1. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  115. ^ Ohi, Akai (3 July 2019). "山本太郎は日本のバーニー・サンダースか 左派ポピュリズムと中道リベラルの「戦略的互恵関係」". webronza.asahi.com (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun Publications Inc. pp. 1, 4. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  116. ^ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-0333961575.
  117. ^ a b "Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index". Timbro. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  118. ^ "Rumäniens Justiz im Belagerungszustand". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  119. ^ "Aufgefallen: Der stille Anführer". Publik-Forum [de]. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  120. ^ Beichelt, Timm (2013) [2001]. "6.1.1 Strukturelle Kontextbindungen". Demokratische Konsolidierung im postsozialistischen Europa: Die Rolle der politischen Institutionen (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 299. ISBN 978-3322813206.
  121. ^ "Red Tide: From 'economic freedom' to 'white genocide', extremism grabs the spotlight (in English)". Daily Maverick. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  122. ^ Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (2014). Carlos de la Torre (ed.). Explaining the Emergence of Populism in Europe and the Americas. University Press of Kentucky. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8131-4687-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  123. ^ Christopher Ross; Bill Richardson; Begoña Sangrador-Vegas (2016). Contemporary Spain. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-75164-9.
  124. ^ Cas Mudde (17 February 2015). "The problem with populism". The Guardian.
  125. ^ Tekdemir, Ömer (20 February 2015). "Is a socialist EU possible via left-wing populist parties such as Syriza, Podemos and the HDP?". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  126. ^ Crew, Jemma (29 February 2024). "Starmer apologises to Rochdale voters after Galloway by-election win". BBC. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  127. ^ Bush, Stephen (4 January 2017). "Labour is running a great risk with its populist turn". New Statesman. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  128. ^ Merrick, Jane (11 May 2017). "Can left-wing populism win the UK election?". cnn.com. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  129. ^ Riddell, Mary (1 October 2013). "Ed Miliband's populism has turned him into the Tories' Red Peril". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  130. ^ "More liberal, populist movement emerging in Democratic Party ahead of 2016 elections", By Zachary A. Goldfarb. The Washington Post. 30 November 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  131. ^ Etzioni, Amitai (8 January 2015). "The Left's Unpopular Populism". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  132. ^ "America in Populist Times: An Interview With Chantal Mouffe" Archived 26 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, By Waleed Shahid. The Nation. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  133. ^ "Populists, the Elites, and Us". Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  134. ^ "Fighting Faux Populism". Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  135. ^ "Left-Wing Populists in Latin America?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  136. ^ Drinkwater, Michael (1991). The State and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 93–96. ISBN 978-0312053505.
  137. ^ Libertad y Desarrollo (10 September 2021). "2021 ENTRANDO A LA RECTA FINAL ELECTORAL" (PDF).
  138. ^ "About TAP". Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index 2019. Timbro. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  139. ^ Fred Reinhard Dallmayr (199). Border Crossings: Toward a Comparative Political Theory. Lexington Books. p. 136. ISBN 9780739100431. To provide an Islamic justification for their populist program, Mojahedin often utilized the euphemism coined by Shariati.
  140. ^ "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context (in English)" (PDF). Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 3-18. November–December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  141. ^ Cas Mudde (10 November 2008). "Radikale Parteien in Europa – bpb". bpb.de. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  142. ^ Niven, Alex (3 April 2021). "Is the Northern Independence party more serious than it looks?". theguardian.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Left-wing_populism&oldid=1259558261"