The common names soap plant, soaproot and amole refer to the genus Chlorogalum. They are native to western North America, with some species in Oregon but they are mostly found in California. Common names of the genus and several species derive from their use as soap.
| Chlorogalum Soap plant, Amole | |
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| Chlorogalum pomeridianum Wavy-leafed soap plant | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Agavoideae |
| Genus: | Chlorogalum (Lindl.) Kunth |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
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Soap plants are perennial plants, with more or less elongated bulbs, depending on the species. The bulbs can be white or brown, and in most species have a fibrous coat. The flowers are borne on a long central stem, and appear to have six separate petals (not all are petals in the technical sense). There are six stamens, which are prominent in most species.
Taxonomy
editThe placement of the genus Chlorogalum has varied considerably. In the APG III system, followed here, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, based on molecular systematics evidence.[4] The second edition of the Jepson Manual places the genus in Agavaceae (equivalent to the APG III subfamily Agavoideae).[5] Until the 1980s, the genus was generally treated in the Lily family, Liliaceae, in the order Liliales, e.g. the Flora of North America, published in 1993 onwards, has Chlorogalum in Liliaceae.[6] The genus has also been placed in its own family, Chorogalaceae, or in a group within the hyacinth family Hyacinthaceae (now Scilloideae), in the order Asparagales. In 1999, phylogenetic studies based on molecular evidence, suggested that, along with Camassia, Chlorogalum seemed to be most closely related to Agave and Anthericum.[7]
The members of the genus with diurnal flowering and a chromosome count of 2n = 60 were placed into their own genus, Hooveria after phylogenetic molecular research showed that Chlorogalum was not monophyletic.[8]
Species
editFive species are currently classified in the genus.[1] All except the Wavy-leafed Soap Plant, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, have rather restricted distributions, with little overlap. The Wavy-leafed Soap Plant, however, has a range that virtually encompasses those of all other members of the genus, and is the most common of them.
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
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Chlorogalum angustifolium | Narrow-leaf Soap Plant | inner north Pacific Coast Ranges of California and southern Oregon and the Sierra Nevada foothills |
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Chlorogalum grandiflorum | Red Hills Soaproot | north and central Sierra Nevada foothills |
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Chlorogalum pomeridianum | Wavy-leafed Soap Plant | anywhere in California except the higher Sierra Nevada and the deserts, and also in south-western Oregon |
Formerly included:[8]
- Hooveria parviflora (S.Watson) D.W.Taylor & D.J.Keil as Chlorogalum parviflorum
- Hooveria purpurea (Brandegee) D.W.Taylor & D.J.Keil as Chlorogalum purpureum
Uses
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The fibers surrounding the bulb were widely used, bound together, to make small brushes. Extracts of the bulbs could also be used as a sealant or glue.
- Cleansing
At least two of the species are used for detergent properties by Native Americans and early European settlers, specifically the C. pomeridianum by tribes including Miwok,[9] and the C. angustifolium by the Karuk people .[10] The juices of the bulb contain saponins that form a lather when mixed with water,[11] making the bulbs useful as a kind of soap. This is the origin of several of the plants' common names. It was particularly used for washing hair, since C. pomeridianum at least was held to be effective against dandruff.[12]
- Cuisine
The young leaves of certain species can be used as food, but the saponins in the bulbs make these poisonous. However saponins are very poorly absorbed by the body and usually[original research?] pass straight through, and in any case they can be destroyed by thorough cooking. The Miwok and Chumash[13] people roasted and ate the bulbs as a winter food.[12] In February 1847 Patrick Breen of the ill-fated Donner Party recorded that a Native American gave the starving settler some "roots resembling Onions in shape [that] taste some like a sweet potatoe [sic], all full of little tough fibres." Breen's son later called the roots "California soap-root"—almost certainly C. pomeridianum.
Saponins are much more toxic to some other animals than they are to humans.[original research?] Fish are particularly susceptible, and the bulb juices were used to kill or stun them so they could be caught easily.[citation needed]
- Medicinal
The bulbs also had various medicinal uses, both external (e.g., for making a poultice to be used as an antiseptic, or as a rub in cases of rheumatism) and internal (decoctions were used for a range of purposes, including as a diuretic, as a laxative and against stomachache).[12]
- Fishing
Many of California's Native American tribes traditionally used soaproot, or the root of various yucca species, as a fish poison. They would pulverize the roots, then mix the powder in water to create a foam, and then add the suds to a stream. This would kill, or incapacitate, the fish, which could be gathered easily from the surface of the water. Among the tribes using this technique were the Lassik, the Luiseño, and the Mattole.[14]
See also
edit- Hooveria, which now encompasses the diurnal plants formerly placed in this genus.
- Hastingsia and Camassia, which are placed in a large clade with Chlorogalum that is sister to Hooveria.
References
edit- ^ a b Search for "Chlorogalum", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2012-05-05
- ^ Kunth, Karl Sigismund 1843. Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 4: 681-683 in Latin
- ^ Lindley, John 1841. Edwards's Botanical Register n. ser. 4: 54
- ^ Stevens, P.F., Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae
- ^ Bruce G. Baldwin; Douglas H. Goldman; David J. Keil; Robert Patterson; Thomas J. Rosatti, eds. (2012). The Jepson Manual Vascular Plants of California (2nd ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520253124.
- ^ Flora of North America. New York and Oxford: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993.
- ^ Pfosser, M.; Speta, F. (1999). "Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae based on plastid DNA sequences". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (4). Missouri Botanical Garden: 852–875. doi:10.2307/2666172. JSTOR 2666172.
- ^ a b Taylor, D.W. and D.J. Keil. 2018. Hooveria, a new genus liberated from Chlorogalum (Agavaceae subf. Chlorogaloideae). Phytoneuron 2018-67: 1–6. Published 1 October 2018. ISSN 2153-733X
- ^ C.M. Hogan, 2008
- ^ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Chlorogalum angustifolium
- ^ Soap Lilies in California, 1998
- ^ a b c Univ. of Michigan: Species entry in Moerman's Native American Ethnobotany Database: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
- ^ "Social Studies Fact Cards, "Chumash"". Retrieved January 29, 2020.
- ^ Campbell, Paul (1999). Survival skills of native California. Gibbs Smith. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-87905-921-7.
External links
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- CalFlora Database: genus Chlorogalum
- Genus Chlorogalum treatment from the Jepson Manual
- Palomar College website: Soap Lilies in California
