The Skidi is one of four bands of Pawnee people, a central Plains tribe.[1] They lived on the Central Plains of Nebraska and Kansas for most of the millennium prior to European contact.[1] The Skidi, also known as the Wolf band lived in the northern part of Pawnee territory.[1]
 Portrait of Petalesharro (ca. 1797–ca. 1832), a Skidi Pawnee, by Charles Bird King, 1822 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Historically Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas, currently Oklahoma | |
| Languages | |
| Skidi dialect of Pawnee language | |
| Religion | |
| Indigenous religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Pawnee people, Arikara people, Wichita people[1] |
According to oral history, the Skidi were associated with the Arikara and the Wichita[1] before the Arikara moved northward. They did not join the other, southern bands of Pawnee until the mid-18th century.[1] The Skidi language was less related to the other Pawnee languages than the other three tribes' languages were related to each other. In the 18th century, the Skidi first lived on the Loup River in Nebraska.
Today, the Skidi Pawnee are enrolled in the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma.[2]
Names
editThe Shidi have also been known as the Wolf Pawnee,[1] French Loup Pawnee, Panismaha, or Panimaha, or Skiri.
History
editThe Skidi's main settlements were along the Platte River. Some early European explorers referred to this waterway as the Panimaha River, since this was before some of the Skidi migrated south.
18th century
edit
In the early 18th century, the Panishmaha lived west of the Missouri River in present-day Nebraska. A 1718 French map locates les Panimaha in the vicinity of the Riv. des Panis (Platte River) with other Pawnee villages (les Panis), perhaps on the Loup River,[3] a historic territory of the Skidi. In the fall of 1724, in a village of the Kansa people, the Panismahas joined a peace council with Frenchmen, Otoes, Osages, Iowa, Missouri and Illini.[4] In about 1752 they made peace with the Comanches (les Padoucas), Wichitas and the main Pawnee groups.
By the 1770s, the Panishmaha, a group of the Skidi had broken off and moved towards Texas, where they allied with the Taovayas, the Tonkawa, Yojuanes, and other Texas tribes. This group was referred to as the Panimaha. The Skidi are notable for their performance of a type of human sacrifice, known as the Morning Star ceremony, recorded for the last time in 1838.[5]
19th century
editThe Panishmaha, a group within the Skidi band, moved from what is now Nebraska to the Texas-Arkansas border regions where they lived with the Taovayas. It appears that this group was also the Pannis designated in a village along the Sulphur Creek in northeast Texas in a 19th-century Spanish map.[6]
Notable Skidi
edit- James Rolfe Murie (1862–1921), anthropologist, ethnographer[7]
See also
editExternal links
edit- Skidi Pawnee rattle, National Museum of the American Indian
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g "Pawnees". Kansas Historical Society. April 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Preamble." Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. Revised 14 June 2008.
- ^ "Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi [i.e. Mississippi]: dressâee sur un grand nombre de mâemoires entrautres sur ceux de Mr. le Maire / par Guillaume Del'isle del Academie R'le. des Sciences". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
- ^ John, Storms Brewed, p. 220
- ^ Ralph Linton, The sacrifice to the morning star by the Skidi Pawnee, Chicago (1922).
- ^ Access Genealogy article on the Skidis
- ^ Straus, Straus (Autumn 1984). "Review: Ceremonies of the Pawnee". American Indian Quarterly. 8 (4). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press: 375. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
References
edit- John, Elizabeth. Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
- article on Nebraska inhabitants in 18th century
- Handbook of North American Indians: Plains, Part 1 page 545