The Shiva Purana is one of eighteen major texts of the Purana genre of Sanskrit texts in Hinduism, and part of the Shaivism literature corpus.[1] It primarily revolves around the Hindu god Shiva and goddess Parvati, but references and reveres all gods.[2][3][4]
The Shiva Purana asserts that it once consisted of 100,000 verses set out in twelve Samhitas (Books); however, the Purana adds that it was abridged by Sage Vyasa before being taught to Romaharshana.[1] The surviving manuscripts exist in many different versions and content,[5] with one major version with seven books (traced to South India), another with six books, while the third version traced to the medieval Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent with no books but two large sections called Purva-Khanda (Previous Section) and Uttara-Khanda (Later Section).[1][6] The two versions that include books, title some of the books same and others differently.[1] The Shiva Purana, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, was likely a living text, which was routinely edited, recast and revised over a long period of time.[7][8] The oldest manuscript of surviving texts was likely composed, estimates Klaus Klostermaier, around 10th- to 11th-century CE.[9][4] Some chapters of currently surviving Shiva Purana manuscripts were likely composed after the 14th-century.[6]
The Shiva Purana contains chapters with Shiva-centered cosmology, mythology, and relationship between gods, ethics, yoga, tirtha (pilgrimage) sites, bhakti, rivers and geography, and other topics.[10][2][11] The text is an important source of historic information on different types and theology behind Shaivism in early 2nd-millennium CE.[12] The oldest surviving chapters of the Shiva Purana have significant Advaita Vedanta philosophy,[6] which is mixed in with theistic elements of bhakti.[13]
In the 19th and 20th century, the Vayu Purana was sometimes titled as Shiva Purana, and sometimes proposed as a part of the complete Shiva Purana.[14] With the discovery of more manuscripts, modern scholarship considers the two texts as different,[1] with Vayu Purana as the more older text composed sometime before the 2nd-century CE.[12][15][16] Some scholars list it as a Mahapurana, while some state it is an Upapurana.[6][17]
Date
editThe date and authors of Shiva Purana are unknown. No authentic data is available. Scholars such as Klostermaier as well as Hazra estimate that the oldest chapters in the surviving manuscript were likely composed around the 10- to 11th-centuries CE, which has not stood the test of carbon dating technology hence on that part we must rely on the text itself which tells when it was composed.[9][4] Certain books and chapters in currently surviving Shiva Purana manuscripts were likely composed later, some after the 14th-century.[6] The Shiva Purana, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, were routinely edited, recast and revised over the centuries.[7][8]
Hazra states that the Bombay manuscript published in the 19th-century is rarer, and is likely older than other versions published from eastern and southern India.[18]
Different manuscripts
editShiva is atman (soul)
A pathologist diagnoses correctly,
and cures illness through medicines.
Similarly, Shiva is called the physician of the world,
by those who know the nature of the principles.
Shiva is the great atman,
because he is the atman of all,
he is forever endowed with the great qualities,
there is no greater atman than him.
—Shiva Puran, Kailasa Samhita, chapter 9.17-22
(abridged, translator: JL Shastri)[19]
Several recensions of this text exist. The Bombay 1884 manuscript recension published by the Vangavasi Press, Calcutta in 1896 consists of six samhitas (sections):[20]
| # | Samhita (Section) |
Adhyayas (Chapters) |
|---|---|---|
| I | Jnana Samhita | 78 |
| II | Vidyesvara Samhita | 16 |
| III | Kailasa Samhita | 12 |
| IV | Sanatkumara Samhita | 59 |
| V | Vayaviya Samhita: i. Purvabhaga ii. Uttarabhaga |
30 30 |
| VI | Dharma Samhita | 65 |
| Total: | 290 | |
The second manuscript of Shiva Purana published in 1906, reprinted in 1965, by the Pandita Pustakalaya, Kashi consists of seven Samhitas:[20]
| # | Samhita (Section) |
Adhyayas (Chapters) |
|---|---|---|
| I | Vidyesvara Samhita | 25 |
| II | Rudra Samhita: i. Srstikhanda ii. Satikhanda iii. Parvatikhanda iv. Kumarakhanda v. Yuddhakhanda |
20 43 55 20 59 |
| III | Satarudra Samhita | 42 |
| IV | Kotirudra Samhita | 43 |
| V | Uma Samhita | 51 |
| VI | Kailasa Samhita | 23 |
| VII | Vayaviya Samhita: i. Purvabhaga ii. Uttarabhaga |
35 41 |
| Total: | 457 | |
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According to a passage found in the first chapters of Vidyesvara Samhita and Vayaviya Samhita of these recensions the original Shiva Purana comprised twelve Samhitas, which included five lost Samhitas: Vainayaka Samhita, Matr Samhita (or Matrpurana Samhita), Rudraikadasa Samhita, Sahasrakotirudra Samhita and Dharma Samhita (or Dharmapurana Samhita). The number of verses in these sections were as follows:[20]
- Vidyeshvara Samhita - 10,000
- Rudra Samhita - 8,000
- Vainayaka Samhita - 8,000
- Uma Samhita - 8,000
- Matri Samhita - 8,000
- Rudraikadasha Samhita - 13,000
- Kailasa Samhita - 6,000
- Shatarudra Samhita - 3,000
- Sahasrakotirudra Samhita - 11,000
- Kotirudra Samhita - 9,000
- Vayaviya Samhita - 4,000
- Dharma Samhita - 12,000
Several other Samhitas are also ascribed to the Siva Purana. These are the Isana Samhita, the Isvara Samhita, the Surya Samhita, the Tirthaksetramahatmya Samhita and the Manavi Samhita.[20]
Haraprasad Shastri mentioned in the Notices of Sanskrit MSS IV, pp. 220–3, Nos, 298–299 about another manuscript of the Siva Purana, which is divided into Two Khandas (Parts), the Purvakhanda and the Uttarakhanda. The Purvakhanda consists 3270 slokas in 51 chapters written in Nagari script and the Uttarakhanda has 45 chapters written in Oriya script. It was preserved in Mahimprakash Brahmachari Matha in Puri. The Purvakhanda of this manuscript is same as the Sanatkumara Samhita of the Vangavasi Press Edition.[citation needed]
Contents
editThe Vidyesvara Samhita, also called Vighnesa Samhita or Vidyasara Samhita, appears in both editions, which is found in some other samhitas, and is dedicated to describing the greatness and the bhakti of Shiva, particularly through the icon of Linga.[18] This section is also notable for mentioning both Shaiva Agamas and Tantric texts, but frequently quoting from the Vedas and asserting that the text is the essence of the Vedic teaching and the Vedanta.[18] The chapters of this shared samhita in different versions of the Shiva Purana includes a description of India's geography and rivers from north and south India so often and evenly that Hazra states it is difficult to gauge if this part was composed in north or south India.[18]
The Jnanasamhita in one manuscript shares content with Rudrasamhita of the other manuscript, presents cosmology and history, and is notable for its discussion of saguna andnirguna Shiva.[22]
The text discusses goddesses and gods, dedicates parts of chapters praising Vishnu and Brahma, as well as those related to avatars such as Krishna.[23] It asserts that one must begin with karma-yajna, thereon step by step with tapo-yajna, then self study, then regular meditation, ultimately to jnana-yajna and yoga to achieve sayujya (intimate union) with Shiva within.[23] The text emphasizes bhakti and yoga, rather than bookish learning of the Vedas.[24]
The Shiva Purana dedicates chapters to Shaiva-Advaita philosophy, like Linga Purana and other Shaivism-related Puranas, advocating it as a system for moksha.[25] The text also presents the Brahman as satcitananda theme, with masculine and feminine Shiva-Shakti as a unity, and perception of plurality-discrimination as a form of nescience.[25] Love-Driven Devotionalism (Bhakti), asserts the text, leads to knowledge, and such love combined with knowledge leads to attracting saintly people and guru, and with them one attains liberation, states the Shiva Purana.[25] These ideas, states Klaus Klostermaier, are similar to those found in Devi-related Puranas and Shakti Literature.[25]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Dalal 2014, p. 381.
- ^ a b JL Shastri 1950a.
- ^ Kramrisch 1976, pp. 172–173, 229, 263–275, 326, 340–369.
- ^ a b c K P Gietz 1992, p. 323 with note 1780.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 222–224.
- ^ a b c d e K P Gietz 1992, p. 539 with note 2987.
- ^ a b Pintchman 2001, pp. 91-92 with note 4.
- ^ a b Arvind Sharma (2003). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 160–167. ISBN 978-1570034497.
- ^ a b Klostermaier 2007, p. 503.
- ^ Dalal 2014, pp. 381–382.
- ^ JL Shastri 1950d.
- ^ a b Klostermaier 2007, pp. 544-545 note 22.
- ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 180, 263–264. ISBN 978-0-88920-158-3.
Quote: Though the basic tenor of those sections of Shiva Purana is Advaitic, the theistic elements of bhakti, gurupasati and so forth are mixed with it.
- ^ Shastri, JL (1970). The Siva Purana. India: Motilal Banarasidass. pp. xiii.
- ^ JL Shastri 1950b.
- ^ JL Shastri 1950c.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 33–34.
- ^ a b c d Rocher 1986, p. 223.
- ^ JL Shastri 1950d, p. 1707.
- ^ a b c d Rocher 1986, pp. 222–228.
- ^ JL Shastri 1950d, p. 1931.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 223–224.
- ^ a b Rocher 1986, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 225–227.
- ^ a b c d Klaus K. Klostermaier (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 179–180, 219, 233–234. ISBN 978-0-88920-158-3.
Bibliography
edit- Dalal, Rosen (2014), Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide, Penguin, ISBN 978-8184752779
- K P Gietz; et al. (1992), Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-03028-1
- Klostermaier, Klaus (2007). A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0791470824.
- JL Shastri (1950a). "Siva Purana, Part 1". Motilal Banarsidass.
- JL Shastri (1950b). "Siva Purana, Part 2". Motilal Banarsidass.
- JL Shastri (1950c). "Siva Purana, Part 3". Motilal Banarsidass.
- JL Shastri (1950d). "Siva Purana, Part 4". Motilal Banarsidass.
- Kramrisch, Stella (1976), The Hindu Temple, Volume 1 & 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0223-3
- Pintchman, Tracy (2001), Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791450086
- Rocher, Ludo (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447025225
External links
edit- The Shiva Purana English translation by J. L. Shastri, 1970 (includes glossary)
- Surya And Nairrta On The Siva Temple Of Prambanan, Roy E. Jordaan (1992), pages 59–66, Brill (Puranas/Shiva texts in southeast Asia)