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Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission

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For the "Black Thursday" second bombing of Schweinfurt on 14 October, see Second Raid on Schweinfurt.

The Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission was a strategic bombing mission during World War II carried out by Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers of the US Army Air Forces on August 17, 1943. The mission was an ambitious plan to cripple the German aircraft industry; it was also known as the "double-strike mission" because it entailed two large forces of bombers attacking separate targets in order to disperse fighter reaction by the Luftwaffe. It was also the first American shuttle mission, in which all or part of a mission landed at a different field and later bombed another target before returning to its base.

Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission
Part of Operation Pointblank

1st Bomb Wing B-17s over Schweinfurt, Germany
DateAugust 17, 1943
Location
Schweinfurt and Regensburg, Germany
Result German victory
Belligerents
 United States
 United Kingdom		  Nazi Germany
Commanders and leaders
United States Curtis LeMay
United States Robert B. Williams		 Nazi Germany Adolf Galland
Units involved
United States Eighth Air Force
United Kingdom RAF Fighter Command		 Nazi Germany Luftwaffe
Strength
376 B-17 heavy bombers
268 P-47 fighter sorties
191 Spitfire fighter sorties		 Approx. 400 Bf 109, Bf 110, Fw 190 and other fighters
Casualties and losses
60 bombers, 3 P-47s, and 2 Spitfires lost
58-95 bombers heavily damaged[note 1][1][2][3][4]
7 aircrew KIA and 21 WIA aboard returning aircraft
557 aircrew MIA or POW		 25–27 fighters[1][2][3]
203 civilians killed

After being postponed several times by unfavorable weather, the operation, known within the Eighth Air Force as "Mission No. 84", was flown on the anniversary of the first daylight raid by the Eighth Air Force.[5]

Mission No. 84 was a strike by 376 bombers of 16 bomb groups against German heavy industry well beyond the range of escorting fighters. The mission inflicted heavy damage on the Regensburg target, but at catastrophic loss to the force, with 60 bombers lost and many more damaged beyond economical repair. As a result, the Eighth Air Force was unable to follow up immediately with a second attack that might have seriously crippled German industry. When Schweinfurt was attacked again two months later, the lack of long-range fighter escort had still not been addressed and losses were even higher. As a consequence, deep penetration strategic bombing was curtailed for five months.

As soon as the reconnaissance photographs were received on the evening of the 17th, Generals Eaker and Anderson knew that the Schweinfurt raid had been a failure. The excellent results at Regensburg were small consolation for the loss of 60 B-17s. The results of the bombing were exaggerated, and the high losses were well disguised in after-mission reports. Everyone who flew the mission stressed the importance of the escorts in reducing losses; the planners grasped only that Schweinfurt would have to be bombed again, soon, in another deep-penetration, unescorted mission.[6]

— Donald Caldwell

Background

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Track chart of the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission

Because of diversions of groups to the invasion of North Africa, the bomber force in England had been limited in size to four groups of B-17s and two of B-24s until May 1943. At that time, and in conjunction with the Pointblank Directive to destroy the Luftwaffe in preparation for Operation Overlord, the B-17 force had expanded fourfold and was organized into the 1st and 3rd Bombardment Wings, which due to their large size were soon re-designated Bomb Divisions. The 1st Bombardment Wing, which included all of the original B-17 groups, was based in the English Midlands while the 3rd Bombardment Wing stations were located in East Anglia.

Pointblank operations in April and July 1943 had concentrated solely on the production of the Fw 190 at factories in Bremen, Kassel, and Oschersleben, and although serious losses to the bomber forces had occurred, the attacks had been successful enough to warrant attacking those manufacturing Messerschmitt Bf 109s.

The production of Bf 109s (and almost half of all German fighters) was located in Regensburg and in Wiener Neustadt, Austria. To attack these in sufficient force, "Operation Juggler" was conceived,[7] in which the fighter production plants in Wiener Neustadt were targeted for attack by B-24 Liberators of the Ninth Air Force based in Libya, and Regensburg by B-17s of the Eighth Air Force. The original mission date of August 7 could not be met because of bad weather, and the B-24s flew Operation Juggler on August 13 without participation by the Eighth Air Force, which was still hampered by unacceptable weather conditions.

The mission plan

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To successfully complete its portion of the attack, the Eighth Air Force decided to attack a target in central Germany as well as Regensburg to divide and confuse German air defenses.[8][9][10] The 3rd Bombardment Wing, using B-17s equipped with "Tokyo (fuel) tanks" for longer range, would attack the Messerschmitt Bf 109 plants in Regensburg and then fly on to bases in Bône, Berteaux and Telergma (French Algeria).[11]

The 1st Bombardment Wing, following it, would turn northeast and bomb the ball-bearing factories of Schweinfurt, where almost the entire production of bearings was centralized, and by doing so catch German fighter aircraft on the ground re-arming and refueling. Because of limited range thanks to inexplicably not employing drop tanks,[12] escorting P-47 Thunderbolt fighters would be able to protect the bombers only as far as Eupen, Belgium, which was roughly an hour's flying time from both of the targets.[13]

Two supporting attacks were also made a part of the overall mission plan. The first, a diversionary attack, involved the bombing of three locations along the French and Dutch coast: the German airfields at Bryas-Sud and Marck by American B-26 Marauder and Royal Air Force Mitchell medium bombers, and the marshalling yards at Dunkirk by other Mitchells, all timed to coincide with the Regensburg strike.[14]

The second was a series of attacks on Luftwaffe fighter fields at Poix, Lille-Vendeville, and Woensdrecht by Hawker Typhoons of the RAF simultaneous with the diversionary attack, and Poix by two groups of B-26s in the afternoon as the Schweinfurt force was returning.

Donald Miller states: "LeMay's force was expected to take the brunt of the German counteroffensive, allowing the Schweinfurt armada to proceed to the target with only light resistance. With LeMay escaping over the Alps, the Schweinfurt force would be left to face the full fury of the Luftwaffe on its return to England. The plan was brutally simple: LeMay would fight his way in and Williams would fight his way out."[9]

Weather delays

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Eighth Air Force bomber operations were calculated with one to two hours of climb and assembly into formations factored into mission lengths. In addition, the mission length for the Regensburg force was anticipated to be of eleven hours' duration, so that commanders had only a 90-minute "window" in which to launch the mission and still allow the 3rd Bombardment Wing B-17s to reach North Africa in daylight. Mission 84 planning indicated a takeoff window from dawn, approximately 06:30 British Double Summer Time, to approximately 08:00 without cancelling the mission.

At dawn of August 17, after airmen had gone to their airplanes, England was covered in fog. The mission takeoff was delayed until 08:00, when the fog had cleared sufficiently over East Anglia to allow the 4th Bombardment Wing to take off using instruments, a technique they had practiced. Although attacking both targets simultaneously was deemed critical to success of the mission without prohibitive loss, the Regensburg force was ordered to take off, even though the 1st Bombardment Wing remained grounded at its bases by the adverse weather.

By the time the fog had sufficiently cleared over the Midlands, the Regensburg force had already reached the coast of the Netherlands, which indicated that reacting German fighters would have sufficient time to land, replenish, and attack the second task force. Consequently, the launch of the Schweinfurt force was further delayed to allow US escort fighters sufficient time to return to base to rearm for a second escort mission. In all the 1st Wing was delayed more than three hours behind the 3rd Wing.

Raids

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Regensburg strike force

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The Regensburg task force was led by the 3rd Bombardment Wing commander, Colonel Curtis E. LeMay. This mission would make LeMay's name as a combat leader. The task force consisted of seven B-17 groups totalling 146 aircraft, each group but one flying in a 21-aircraft combat box tactical formation. The groups were organized into three larger formations termed "provisional combat wings." Three groups in a Vee formation wing box led the procession, followed by two wing boxes of two groups each in echelon formation, with one group leading and the second trailing at a lower altitude.

Regensburg Task Force organization[15][16]
Prov. Wing Group UK airfield Sent Losses
403d PCBW 96th Bomb Group Snetterton Heath 21 0
388th Bomb Group Knettishall 21 1
390th Bomb Group Framlingham 20 6
401st PCBW 94th Bomb Group Bury St. Edmunds 21 1
385th Bomb Group Great Ashfield 21 3
402nd PCBW 95th Bomb Group Horham 21 4
100th Bomb Group Thorpe Abbotts 21 9
Fighter escort support
Times Group Leg Sent Claims
1005–1020 353rd Fighter Group Haamstede to Diest 37 P-47 1
1030–1045 56th Fighter Group Herentals to Eupen 50 P-47 0
 
The Messerschmitt factory at Regensburg obscured by smoke after it was bombed

Approximately fifteen minutes after it crossed the coast at 10:00, the Regensburg force encountered the first German fighter interception, which continued with growing intensity nearly all the way to the target area. Several factors weighed against the Regensburg force in this air battle. The arrangement of two groups instead of three in the two following provisional wings meant a third fewer guns available to each for their mutual defense and made them more likely targets. The overall length of the task force was too great for effective fighter support.

The last wing formation of bombers was fifteen miles behind the first and nearly out of visual range. Of the two groups of P-47s (87 aircraft) tasked to escort the force to the German border, only one arrived at the rendezvous point on time, covering only the lead wing, and the second arrived fifteen minutes late. Both P-47 groups were forced to turn back to base after only fifteen minutes of escort duty, without engaging any German interceptors. The last provisional wing in the task force was left without any fighter protection at all.

After ninety minutes of combat the German fighter force broke off the engagement, low on fuel and ammunition. By then at least 15 bombers had been shot down or fatally damaged, 13 from the trailing formation. anti-aircraft fire ("flak") was light over Regensburg and visibility clear, and of the remaining 131 bombers, 126 dropped 298.75 tons of bombs on the fighter aircraft factories with a high degree of accuracy at 11:43 British time.

 
B-17s of the Regensburg strike force flying south over the Alps on their way to North Africa

The Regensburg force then turned south to cross the Alps, confronted by only a few twin-engined fighters, soon forced to disengage by lack of range. The German force had not been prepared for this contingency, but they were in the process of re-arming to meet the Schweinfurt force, then forming over East Anglia. Two damaged B-17s turned away from the Regensburg task force and landed in neutral Switzerland, where their crews were interned and the bombers confiscated. Colonel LeMay ordered the formation to perform two 10-minute turns over Switzerland, allowing damaged aircraft to rejoin the formation before flying to North Africa. Another crash-landed in Italy and five more were forced down by lack of fuel into the Mediterranean Sea. In all 24 bombers were lost. More than 60 of the 122 surviving aircraft landing in Tunisia had suffered battle damage.

Schweinfurt strike force

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B-17s of the 379th Bomb Group, part of the Schweinfurt strike force

The 1st Bombardment Wing, commanded by Brigadier General Robert B. Williams, was made up of nine B-17 groups. Previously, because of this large number of groups, "provisional combat bomb wings" had been formed in April to control the groups tactically during large missions. To achieve a "maximum effort" against Schweinfurt, the 1st Bomb Wing, with sufficient aircraft and crews to employ four wing-sized boxes, formed provisional groups as well as wings, accomplished by eight groups providing a squadron or spare aircraft to form the "composite groups" needed to form a fourth combat wing.[17]

The Schweinfurt force had 230 bombers, comprising 12 groups, divided into two task forces, each with two wings. Each wing was composed of a three group formation, and was more than twenty miles in length. Williams personally led the mission, flying as co-pilot in an aircraft of the lead formation, as wingman to the commander of the 91st Bomb Group.[17]

Schweinfurt mission organization[15]
Prov. Wing Group UK base Sent Losses
(first task force)
201st PCBW 91st Bomb Group Bassingbourn 18 7
"101st Composite Group"[note 2] 19 6
381st Bomb Group Ridgewell 20 9
202d PCBW 351st Bomb Group Polebrook 21 1
306th Composite Group 20 0
384th Bomb Group Grafton Underwood 18 5
(second task force)
203d PCBW 306th Bomb Group Thurleigh 21 0
305th Bomb Group Chelveston 20 2
92nd Bomb Group Alconbury 20 2
204th PCBW 379th Bomb Group Kimbolton 18 0
103rd Composite Group 17 4
303rd Bomb Group Molesworth 18 0
 
Smoke and dust rises over the ball bearing works in Schweinfurt, Germany

The Schweinfurt task forces followed the same route as the Regensburg force. Because of the delayed start of the mission, eight squadrons of RAF Spitfire fighters (96 aircraft) from 11 Group and 83 Group had been added to escort the Schweinfurt force as far as Antwerp, where P-47s would take over and escort it to Eupen.[citation needed] The field order for the mission specified that the B-17s would fly at altitudes between 23,000 and 26,500 feet (7,000–8,000 m), but approaching the coast of the Netherlands at 13:30, it was confronted with developing cloud masses not present earlier in the day.[citation needed] The commander of the first task force estimated that the bombers would not be able to climb over the clouds and elected to fly under them at 17,000 feet (5,000 m), increasing the vulnerability of the bombers to fighter attacks.[citation needed]

The first German attacks began almost immediately and employed different tactics from the morning mission. The lead wing was attacked continuously in head-on attacks by both Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters, and although the RAF escorts claimed eight victories they were forced to return to base early in the engagement. The two groups of P-47s (88 aircraft) arrived five and eight minutes late, and despite some individual combats, they too were forced to break off virtually as soon as they arrived.[citation needed]

Inside German airspace, the Bf 109 G-6 fighters of 5 Staffel/JG 11, which had pioneered the fitment of the Werfer-Granate 21 unguided air-to-air rocket weapon system to the Luftwaffe's single engine day fighter force the previous day, as well as the similarly armed rocket-launching twin-engined Bf 110 Zerstörer heavy fighters, including night fighters, joined the battle as more than 300 fighters from 24 bases opposed the raid. At 14:36 the force diverged from the morning's route at Worms, Germany, alerting the German defenders that the target was Schweinfurt.[18]

Losses among the 57 B-17s of the lead wing were so severe that many among its airmen considered the possibility that the wing might be annihilated before reaching the target. However, 15 miles from Schweinfurt, the opposing fighters, after shooting down 22 bombers, disengaged and landed to refuel and re-arm in order to attack the force on its way out. Five miles from Schweinfurt, German anti-aircraft guns began firing an effective flak barrage into the path of the bomber force.[18]

At 14:57 approximately 40 B-17s remained of the lead wing, when it dropped its bombs on the target area containing five factories and 30,000 workers, followed over a 24-minute span by the remainder of the force. Each wing found increasingly heavy smoke from preceding bomb explosions a hindrance to accuracy. 183 bombers dropped 424.3 tons of bombs, including 125 tons of incendiary bombs.[19]

Three B-17s were shot down by flak over Schweinfurt. Fifteen minutes after leaving the target, each task force circled over the town of Meiningen to reassemble its formations, then continued west toward Brussels. At approximately 15:30, German fighters renewed their attacks, concentrating now on damaged bombers. Between 16:20 and 17:00 a covering force of 93 P-47s and 95 Spitfires[note 3] arrived to provide withdrawal support, claiming 21 fighters shot down. Eight more bombers were lost before the force reached the North Sea, where three more crash-landed. The Schweinfurt force lost a total of 36 bombers.[20][21]

Schweinfurt fighter escort support[15][16]
Times Group Leg Sent Claims Losses
Penetration support
1336–1355 11 Group RAF Walcheren to Antwerp 72 Spitfire 8 0
1336–1355 83 Group RAF Walcheren to Antwerp 24 Spitfire 0 0
1353–1410 78th Fighter Group Antwerp to Eupen 40 P-47 2 0
1355–1409 4th Fighter Group Diest to Eupen 48 P-47 0 0
Withdrawal support
1621–1651 56th Fighter Group Nideggen to Sint-Niklaas 51 P-47 16 3
1641–1700 353rd Fighter Group Mechelen to Sint-Niklaas 42 P-47 0 0
1647–1715 11 Group RAF Sint-Niklaas to England 72 Spitfire 3 0
1720–1740 83 Group RAF Sint-Niklaas to England 23 Spitfire 2 2

Aftermath

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A B-17 nicknamed "High Life" of the 100th Bomb Group that crash landed in Switzerland, where the plane and its crew were interned

The Americans listed 55 of their bombers with 552 crewmen as missing after the August 17 double-target mission. About half of those became prisoners of war of the Germans and 20 were interned in Switzerland. Sixty aircraft were lost over German-controlled territory, in Switzerland, or ditched at sea, with five crews rescued. Seven aircrew were killed aboard bombers returning to base having completed the mission, and twenty-one were wounded.

The 60 aircraft lost on a single mission more than doubled the highest previous loss at that time. There were also 55 to 95 additional aircraft badly damaged. Of those damaged, many were stranded in North Africa and never repaired.[1][2][4] Three P-47 Thunderbolts of the 56th Fighter Group and two RAF Spitfires were shot down attempting to protect the Schweinfurt force.[citation needed]

Spitfire pilots claimed 13 German fighters shot down and P-47 pilots claimed 19.[20][note 4][note 5] Gunners on the bombers claimed 288 fighters shot down,[24][note 6] but Luftwaffe records showed only 25 to 27 were lost.[1][2][3]

In Regensburg, all six main workshops of the Messerschmitt factory were destroyed or severely damaged, as were many supporting structures including the final assembly shop. In Schweinfurt, the destruction was less severe but still extensive. The two largest factories, Kugelfischer & Company and Vereinigte Kugellager Fabrik I, suffered 80 direct hits.[26] 35,000 m2 (380,000 square feet) of buildings in the five factories were destroyed, and more than 100,000 m2 (1,000,000 square feet) suffered fire damage.[27] All the factories except Kugelfischer had extensive fire damage to machinery when incendiaries ignited the machine oil used in the manufacturing process.[28]

Albert Speer reported an immediate 34 percent loss of production,[29][note 7] but both the production shortfall and the actual loss of bearings were made up for by extensive surpluses found throughout Germany in the aftermath of the raid. The industry's infrastructure, while vulnerable to a sustained campaign, was not vulnerable to destruction by a single raid. Speer indicated that the two major flaws made by the USAAF in the August strike were first in dividing their force instead of all striking the ball-bearing plants, and second, failing to follow up the first strike with repeated attacks.[31][4][32]

203 civilians were also killed in the strike.[note 8] While the battle resulted in a German victory, the scale and range of the American operation, along with the British-led Operation Hydra (1943) in the same day, shocked the German air command; the stress contributed to the suicide of Luftwaffe Chief of Staff Hans Jeschonnek the next day.

The Schweinfurt mission in particular foretold the failure of deep penetration raids of Germany without adequate long-range escort. The 1st Bomb Wing was over German-occupied territory for three hours and thirty minutes, of which two hours and ten minutes, including all of the time spent over Germany itself, saw no fighter support whatsoever. When the second attack on Schweinfurt came on October 14, the loss of more than 20% of the attacking force (60 out of 291 B-17s) resulted in the suspension of deep raids for five months.

Legacy

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  • The mission was enshrined in fiction as the "Hambrucken raid" in Beirne Lay and Sy Bartlett's novel, Twelve O'Clock High. It provides a reasonably accurate view of the thinking behind the planners' intention and the decisions that led to the abandonment of the goal of launching a double strike in such a way that the second strike would meet no aerial opposition; and of the action in the air itself.
  • It is also cited as a failure of the Bomber Mafia's precision bombing doctrine, in the book by the same name by Malcolm Gladwell.
  • The Schweinfurt portion of the mission also formed the framework for the novel The War Lover, by John Hersey.
  • In the early 1990s, the raid was depicted for the first time in a video game, as a playable mission in Secret Weapons of the Luftwaffe.
  • In February 2024, the raid was depicted in Episode 3 of Masters of the Air on Apple TV+.

Notes

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Sources vary as the number lost. Most of the damaged aircraft were stranded in French Algeria and some never returned to service, due to the lack of repair facilities there.
  2. ^ The 101 CG was made up of B-17s from the 381st (7), 351st (6), and 91st (6) BG. The 306 CG had 9 each from the 306th and 305th BG, and 2 from the 92d. The 103 CG had 11 from the 303d and 6 from the 379 BG.
  3. ^ RAF Fighter Command squadrons participating were: No. 129 Squadron RAF, No. 222 Squadron RAF, No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron, No. 316 Polish Fighter Squadron, No. 331 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF, No. 332 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF, No. 403 Squadron RCAF, and No. 421 Squadron RCAF.
  4. ^ All break down the claims as 16 for the 56th FG, 2 for the 78th FG, and one for the 353rd FG.[22]
  5. ^ Caldwell and Muller state 16 claims.[23]
  6. ^ Freeman states that the gunners' claims were later reduced to 148, and that actual German loss was "only 27 fighters".[25]
  7. ^ Miller puts the loss at 38%.[30]
  8. ^ According to Coffey: 70 men, 77 women, 48 children, and 8 foreign workers.[27] Miller rounded the figure at 200.[30]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d Price 2005, p. 129.
  2. ^ a b c d Bowman & Boiten 2001, p. 64.
  3. ^ a b c Jablonski 1974, p. 186.
  4. ^ a b c Miller 2006, p. 201.
  5. ^ "VIII Bomber Command 1 | American Air Museum in Britain".
  6. ^ Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 114.
  7. ^ Ramsey 1945, p. [page needed].
  8. ^ Freeman 1993, p. 67.
  9. ^ a b Miller 2006, p. 195.
  10. ^ Coffey 1977, p. 3.
  11. ^ De Cock & Kit 1980, p. [page needed].
  12. ^ Terdoslavich 2010, p. 147.
  13. ^ Coffey 1977, pp. 7, 19, 56, 59.
  14. ^ Woods, "Combat Claims and Casualties", 17 August 43, "Ramrod 206 Part III" and "Ramrod 206 Part IV", pp. 111–112.
  15. ^ a b c Coffey 1977, p. [page needed].
  16. ^ a b Freeman 1990, p. [page needed].
  17. ^ a b Coffey 1977, pp. 22, 40.
  18. ^ a b Coffey 1977, p. 49.
  19. ^ Freeman 1990, pp. 89–90.
  20. ^ a b Freeman 1990, p. 90.
  21. ^ Coffey 1977, p. 234.
  22. ^ Woods, VIII Fighter Command transcription of 17 August 43, pp. 110 & 111; Air Force Historical Study 85, p. 229, actual credits awarded.
  23. ^ Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 113.
  24. ^ Miller 2006, pp. 200, 202.
  25. ^ Freeman 1993, p. 69.
  26. ^ Coffey 1977, p. 235.
  27. ^ a b Coffey 1977, p. 54.
  28. ^ Coffey 1977, p. 74 "as reported by Speer to Hitler".
  29. ^ Coffey 1977, p. 72.
  30. ^ a b Miller 2006, p. 200.
  31. ^ Coffey 1977, pp. 74–75.
  32. ^ Hansell, Haywood S. Jr. "Balaklava Redeemed". Air University Review. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2008.

Bibliography

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