In the United States, scholarship tax credits, also called tax credit scholarships, education tax credits or tuition tax credits, are a form of school choice that allows individuals or corporations to receive a tax credit from state taxes against donations made to non-profit organizations that grant private school scholarships. At the start of the 2014–2015 school year, fourteen states had scholarship tax credit programs.
History
editThe first scholarship tax credit program was Arizona's Personal Tax Credits for School Tuition Organizations program, which has been in operation since 1997.[1] In 2001, Florida created the second Scholarship Tax Credit program by enacting the Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program.[2]
Legal challenges
editOn April 4, 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld Arizona's Personal Tax Credits for School Tuition Organizations program in Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn.[3] The plaintiffs challenged that the use of tax credit scholarships to send children to religious schools violates the establishment clause. The district court originally dismissed the claim, but the Ninth Circuit court reversed the decision, ruling that the plaintiffs had standing to sue by citing Flast v. Cohen. The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the plaintiffs did not have standing to sue. Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority, explained that tax credits are not a form of government spending, and that donations to scholarship organizations are voluntary. As a result, no taxpayer is ever compelled to donate to such a program in violation of conscience and therefore no taxpayer can be harmed by the program. But plaintiffs must be able to demonstrate harm in order to have standing to sue, and so the case was dismissed for lack of standing and the scholarship program was upheld.
On March 12, 2009, Arizona's Corporate Tax Credits for School Tuition Organizations was upheld by the Arizona Court of Appeals in Green v. Garriott.[4] The Arizona Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal.[5]
State tax credit program comparison
edit| State | Program | Enacted | Credit Value | Means-Tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Alabama Accountability Act of 2013 Tax Credits for Contributions to Scholarship Granting Organizations | 2013 | 100% | 150% Median Household Income |
| Arizona | Personal Tax Credits for School Tuition Organizations | 1997 | 100% | No |
| Arizona | Corporate Tax Credits for School Tuition Organizations | 2006 | 100% | 185% Free and Reduced Lunch federal eligibility guidelines |
| Arizona | Lexie's Law Corporate Tax Credits | 2009 | 100% | No |
| Arizona | "Switcher" Individual Income Tax Credit Scholarship Program | 2012 | 100% | No |
| Florida | Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program | 2001 | 100% | Free and Reduced Lunch federal eligibility guidelines |
| Georgia | Private School Tax Credit for Donations to Student Scholarship Organizations | 2008 | 100% | No |
| Illinois | Empower Illinois | 2017 | 100% | 185% Poverty, or 300% Poverty for residents in Focus Districts |
| Iowa | School Tuition Organization Tax Credit | 2006 | 65% | 300% Poverty Limit |
| Indiana | School Scholarship Tax Credit | 2010 | 50% | 200% Free and Reduced Lunch federal eligibility guidelines |
| Kansas | Tax Credit for Low Income Students Scholarship Program | 2014 | 70% | 100% Free Lunch Program |
| Louisiana | Tax Credit for Donations to School Tuition Organizations | 2012 | 100% | 250% Poverty |
| New Hampshire | School Choice Scholarship Program | 2012 | 85% | 300% Poverty |
| Oklahoma | Oklahoma Equal Opportunity Education Scholarships | 2011 | 50% | 300% Free and Reduced Lunch federal eligibility guidelines |
| Pennsylvania | Educational Improvement Tax Credit | 2001 | 75%/90% | $60,000 Household Income |
| Pennsylvania | Educational Opportunity Educational Opportunity Scholarship | 2012 | 75%/90% | $60,000 Household Income |
| Rhode Island | Tax Credits for Contributions to Scholarship Granting Organizations | 2006 | 75%/90% | 250% Free and Reduced Lunch federal eligibility guidelines |
| South Carolina | Educational Credit for Exceptional Needs Children | 2013 | 100% | Student must have a disability (as defined by South Carolina Department of Education) |
| Virginia | Educational Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credits | 2012 | 65% | 300% Poverty |
As of September 2, 2014[6]
Special needs scholarships
editChildren raised in the foster care system of various states are not provided the funding for school choice. Recently many states have instituted voucher programs or scholarship programs allowing a foster family to choose a private school which is paid for with a scholarship or voucher. Special needs scholarships assist children in the foster care system as well as children with disabilities.[7]
| State | Program | Enacted | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | Empowerment Scholarship Accounts | 2011 | 90% |
| Florida | John M McKay Scholarship | 2011 | 100% |
| Georgia | Special Needs Scholarship | 2007 | 100% |
| Louisiana | School Choice | 2010 | 50% |
| Ohio | Autism Scholarship | 2003 | $20,000 |
| Oklahoma | Scholarship for Students with Disabilities | 2010 | 100% |
| Utah | Special Needs Scholarship | 2005 | 100% |
Other federal tax credits exist to help the special needs children including the adoption tax credit and the proposed Special Needs Tax Credit.
References
edit- ^ "Personal Tax Credits for School Tuition Organization". The Friedman Foundation. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- ^ "Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program". The Friedman Foundation. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- ^ "Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn" (PDF). The United States Supreme Court. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
- ^ "Green v. Garriott". Leagle. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
- ^ "Personal Tax Credits for School Tuition Organization". The Friedman Foundation. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
- ^ "School Choice Programs". The Friedman Foundation. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- ^ "Special Needs Bills".