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Bhuvanekabahu VI of Kotte (Sinhala: සපුමල් කුමාරයා, romanized: Sapumal Kumārayā, Tamil: செண்பகப் பெருமாள், romanized: Ceṇpaka Perumāḷ), also known as Sapumal Kumaraya and Chempaka Perumal, was an adopted son of Parakramabahu VI. His principal achievement was the conquest of Jaffna Kingdom, a historical kingdom of what today is northern Sri Lanka, in 1447 or 1450.[2] Bhuvanaikabahu was apparently summoned south after the demise of his adopted father. He then ruled for 17 years. According to Rajavaliya, he killed the grandson of Parakrama Bahu VI, namely Vira Parakrama Bahu or Jaya Bahu (1468 – c. 1470).
| Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Siri Sanga bo, Tri-Sinhaladīswara (overlord of Three Sinhala), Navaratnādhipathi (Possessor of nine gems)[1] | |||||
| King of Kotte | |||||
| Reign | 1469-1477 | ||||
| Predecessor | Jayabahu II | ||||
| Successor | Parakramabahu VII | ||||
| Chieftain of Jaffna of Kingdom of Kotte | |||||
| Reign | 1450-1467 | ||||
| Predecessor | New office Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan (as king of Jaffna) | ||||
| Successor | office abolished Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan (as king of Jaffna) | ||||
| Spouse | Queen Consort Dhana Manike from Ambalanthota royal family | ||||
| Issue | Parakramabahu VII | ||||
| |||||
| House | House of Siri Sanga Bo | ||||
| Father | King Parakramabahu VI - adopted father Lord Panikal Prathiraja - father | ||||
| Mother | Queen Consort Swarnamanikya Kirawelle - adopted mother Princess Swarnawathi Kirawelle - mother | ||||
| Religion | Theravāda Buddhism | ||||
Do Couto,[clarification needed] however, who was well-informed, says after a few years' reign Parkramabahu died and his half-witted son was put on the throne by his aunt, who two years later finding herself unable to rule sent for Sapumal Kumaraya from Jaffna.[3][4][5]
Origin theories
editThere are number of theories as to his ethnic origin and the reason for the rebellion against his rule. According to John Holt, he was an ethnic Tamil from the malabar part of the island, whereas other sources say that he may have come from the Malabar region, Tulunadu or the Coromandel Coast.[6]
He has also been identified as adopted by Parakramabahu VI after the death of his father Manikka Thalaivan, a Karaiyar chief, who was killed in a battle mentioned in the manuscript Mukkara Hatana.[7][8][9]
He is credited with building the Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna as well as other temples and Buddhist vihares in the south. The rebellion against him is seen as a reflection of ethnic Sinhalese identity against a perceived outsider.But he won.[4][5][6]
Conquest of Jaffna
editThe conquest of the Jaffna kingdom took place in many stages. First, the tributaries to Jaffna in the Vanni area, the Vanniar chieftains of the Vannimai, were neutralised. Two successive invasions followed. The first invasion did not succeed in capturing the kingdom. The second invasion in 1450 eventually did. Apparently connected with this war of conquest was an expedition to Adriampet in modern South India, occasioned, according to Valentyn,[clarification needed] by the seizure of a Lankan ship laden with cinnamon. The Tenkasi inscription of Arikesari Parakrama Pandya of Tinnevelly "who saw the backs of kings at Singai, Anurai", and elsewhere, may refer to these wars; it is dated between A.D. 1449–50 and 1453–4.[10] Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan the Aryacakravarti king fled to South India with his family.
This victory seemed to have left a very important impression on the Sinhalese literati and political leaders.[citation needed] The glory of Sapumal Kumaraya is sung in the Kokila Sandesaya (Message carried by Kokila bird), written in the fifteenth century by the Principal Thera of the Irugalkula Tilaka Pirivena in Mulgirigala. The book contains a contemporary description of the country traversed on the road by the cookoo bird from Devi Nuwara (City of Gods) in the south to Nallur (Beautiful City) in the north.[11][6]
"Beloved Kokila, wing the way to Yapa Patuna ( or present day Jaffna). Our Prince Sapumal has driven away from there King Arya Chakravarti, and has established himself in war-like might. To him, I offer this message"
"Arya Chakravarti beheld his glory, dazzling as the glory of the sun. He beheld his might which was poised throughout the eighteen ratas. Thereupon grief entered into his heart, he abandoned his realm and fled beyond the sea".
The return of the prince to Kotte was sung by the poet, Sri Rahula Thera of Totagomuva in the Selalihini Sandesaya (Message carried by the Selalihini bird) thus:
"Dear one, behold, here comes Prince Sapumal, the conqueror of Yapa Patuna [Jaffna].[3][12]
He is known as Chempaha Perumal as well as Ariavettaiadum Perumal in Tamil sources.[2]
Ascension to the Kotte throne
editSapumal Kumaraya ascended the Kotte throne under the name of Bhuvanaika Bahu VI. (c. A.D. 1472–1480 at least). According to Rajaveliya, having heard that Jayabahu (1467-1472 AD) had ascended to the throne, Sapumal arrived from Jaffna, killed Jayabahu, and took the throne. An embassy arrived from Pegu for the purpose of obtaining the priestly succession from Lanka in 1476, at a moment when a serious rebellion had broken out. In the chronicles this king is given a reign of seven years from his coronation, but the Dedigama inscription is dated in his ninth year. According to E.W. Codrington, this period was from 1472 to 1480 AD. He was succeeded by his son Pandita Parakrama Bahu VII.[3]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ H.W Codrington, Don Martin De Zilva Wickramasinghe (1928–1933). Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol III. Oxford university press. p.278-286
- ^ a b Gnanaprakasar, S A critical history of Jaffna, p.103
- ^ a b c "The Kotte Dynasty and its Portuguese allies". Humphry Coddrington. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
- ^ a b Peebles, Patrick (2006). History of Sri Lanka. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313332050.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b Holt, John Clifford (31 January 1991). Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195362466.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b c "Portuguese encounter with King of Kotte in 1517". Denis N. Fernando. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^ A. Sebastian, A Complete Illustrated History of Sri Lanka. Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2012. p 397. ISBN 9789556651492
- ^ "Sapumal Kumaraya and Puran Appu - Later avatars of Prince Aba?". www.srilankaguardian.org. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ Fernando, A. Denis N. "Dona Catherina was the direct heiress by virtue of her heredity". Info Lanka.
- ^ Humphrey William Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon Ayer Publishing, 1970; ISBN 0-8369-5596-X
- ^ The fifteenth century route to Yapa Patuna, Padma EDIRISINGHE (Sunday Observer) Retrieved 20 November 2015
- ^ "Buddhist Jaffna". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
References
edit- Gnanaprakasar, Swamy (2003). A Critical History of Jaffna. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 122. ISBN 81-206-1686-3.
- Holt, John Clifford (1991). Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 0-19-506418-6.
- Peebles, Patrick (2006). The History of Sri Lanka. USA: Greenwood Press. p. 248. ISBN 0-313-33205-3.