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Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)

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The Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of gaining the territory of the Duchy of Estonia along the Gulf of Finland belonging to Sweden since the previous Livonian War. As soon as the Truce of Plussa expired early in 1590, a large Russian army led by Godunov and his sickly brother-in-law, Feodor I of Russia, marched from Moscow towards Novgorod. On 18 January they crossed the river Narva, defeated a Swedish detachment in a counter battle and laid siege to the Swedish castle of Narva, commanded by Arvid Stålarm. Another important fortress, Jama (Jamburg), fell to Russian forces within two weeks. Simultaneously, the Russians ravaged Estonia as far as Reval (Tallinn) and Finland as far as Helsinki.

Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
Part of the Russo-Swedish wars

Boris Godunov
Date1590–1595
Location
Ingria, Estonia, Finland
Result Disputed, see result
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
Sweden  Russia
Commanders and leaders
John III
Arvid Stålarm
Pekka Vesainen		 Tsardom of Russia Feodor I
Tsardom of Russia Boris Godunov
Tsardom of Russia Bogdan Belsky
Tsardom of Russia Fyodor Mstislavsky
Tsardom of Russia Prince Trubetskoy
Tsardom of Russia Vladimir Dolgorukov (POW)
Strength
Unknown 25,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

On 25 February, the local Swedish governor, Karl Henriksson (Horn) [sv], was compelled to sign an armistice, which obliged Sweden to surrender the territories won by the Treaty of Plussa — namely Jama, Koporye, and Ivangorod. This peace settlement displeased John III of Sweden, who sent a fleet to take hold of Ivangorod, but this attempt to besiege the fortress was checked by a Russian castellan. Matters then remained quiet until summer 1591, when the Swedes struck against Gdov, capturing a local governor, Prince Vladimir Dolgorukov.

The other war theatre was East Karelia, where the Swedes sacked Kola and other Russian settlements bordering the White Sea. A raiding party allegedly led by Finnish peasant chief Pekka Vesainen, destroyed the Pechenga Monastery on 25 December 1589, killing 50 monks and 65 lay brothers. He then turned his troops to Kola Fjord but could not manage to destroy the Kola Fortress due to lack of men. Instead he captured and burned Kandalaksha (Kantalahti) and a small Russian settlement in Kem. Again, due to lack of men, he could not capture the Solovetsky Monastery on the Solovetsky Islands.

Godunov's government gradually overcame those setbacks, as Prince Volkonsky was sent to pacify Karelia, and the noblest Russian generals Bogdan Belsky, Fedor Mstislavsky, and Prince Trubetskoy devastated Finland. Then, the war settled into indecisive skirmishing from which it would not subsequently emerge. Three years elapsed before Sweden, in May 1595, agreed to sign the Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzino, Tyavzin, Täyssinä). It restored to Russia all territory ceded in the Treaty of Plussa of 1583 to Sweden except for Narva. Russia had to renounce all claims on Estonia, including Narva, and Sweden's sovereignty over Estonia from 1561 was confirmed.[1]

Result

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There are numerous scholarly sources that says the war ended with a Swedish victory.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Russian sources differ in their assessment, claiming Russian victory[12] and the conclusion of a favorable peace on the terms of Moscow.[13][14] The Cambridge History of Russia also notes Russia's victory in the war, but draws attention to the fact that not all the goals of the Russians were fulfilled.[15] Some sources claim a military victory for Russia and a political draw.[16] Another part of the sources does not name the winner in the war, but claims that the agreement was to some extent beneficial to both sides.[17] However, most Russian-language sources do not indicate at all that the outcome of the war satisfied one of the parties.[18][19][20] Other sources have also called the war a commercial victory for Sweden.[21]


References

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  1. ^ Black, Jeremy (28 March 1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47033-9. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  2. ^ Sundberg, Ulf (2002). Svenska krig 1521–1814 (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 75. ISBN 9789189080140. Lugnet lägrar sig och kvarstår fram till den 18 maj 1595, då Freden i Teusina sluts. Freden kan betecknas som bra för Sverige.
    Online version available at "25-årskriget mot Ryssland 1570-1595". Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek. 1998. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
  3. ^ KISER, EDGAR, et al. “THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REVOLT AND WAR IN EARLY MODERN WESTERN EUROPE.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology, vol. 22, no. 2, 1994, pp. 305–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45371312 Archived 8 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 6 December 2023.
  4. ^ Roberts, Michael (10 July 2014). Gustavas Adolphus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89576-3. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Vasatidens Sverige 1521-1611". Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2024. 25-årskriget mot Ryssland (1570-1595) var ett krig som fördes mellan Ryssland och Sverige, samt Sveriges (från 1578 till 1582) allierade Polen. Kriget startades av Ryssland som försökte erövra Sveriges besittningar i Estland. Kriget avslutades med en svensk seger i och med freden i Teusina 1595.
  6. ^ Knut, Helge; Almquist, Hjalmar (1907). Sverge och Ryssland, 1595–1611: Tvisten om Estland, förbundet mot Polen, de ryska gränslandens ... [Sweden and Russia, 1595–1611: The dispute over Estonia, the alliance against Poland, the conquest of the Russian borderlands and the great dynastic plan] (in Swedish). Harvard University. Uppsala University. p. 13. Men i midten af febr. 1595 hade svenskarna fört sin ståndpunkt härutinnan till seger, och fastän frågan om gränsregleringens förhållande till Kexholms öfverlämnande ännu hölls öppen, tycktes uppgörelsen nära sin fullbordan
  7. ^ Porshev 2014, p. 29.
  8. ^ Sundberg, Ulf (2010). Sveriges krig 1448-1630 [Sweden's wars 1448-1630] (in Swedish). Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. p. 269. ISBN 9789185789627.
  9. ^ История СССР (in Russian). Изд-во Академии наук СССР. 1980. p. 213. Автор верно оценил Тявзинский мир 1595 г. как победу Швеции в деле установления контроля над русской балтийской торговлей, однако победу неполную, России все еще были доступны польско - лифляндский и архангельский торговые пути.
  10. ^ Sundberg, Ulf (1997). Svenska freder och stillestånd 1249-1814. Internet Archive. Hargshamn : Arete. p. 220. ISBN 978-91-89080-01-0.
  11. ^ Nordstrom, Byron J. (27 June 2023). Scandinavia since 1500: Second Edition. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-6893-3. Sweden was the victor in the conflicts of the second half of the sixteenth century.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ Gumilev 2023, p. 355.
  13. ^ Karamzin 1824.
  14. ^ Zimin 1986, p. 155.
  15. ^ Perrie 2006, p. 270.
  16. ^ Platonov 1999, p. 81.
  17. ^ Penskoi 2020, p. 30.
  18. ^ Shkvarov 2012, pp. 81–82.
  19. ^ Solovyov 1879.
  20. ^ Русско-Шведская война 1590-1595 гг. runivers
  21. ^ Tarkiainen, Kari (29 September 2022). Moskovalainen: Ruotsi, Suomi ja Venäjä 1478–1721 (in Finnish). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 85. hdl:20.500.12657/58562. ISBN 978-951-858-576-6. Rauha oli kauppapoliittisesti voitto Ruotsille, koska sovittiin, että Viipuri ja Narva olisivat kansainvälisen transitokaupan tapuleita.

Bibliography

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